SOLIQUA Insulin Glargine / Lixisenatide 3.64mg Solution for SC Injection 3mL 1's
RXDRUG-BR-1271-1pc
Discreet Packaging
FDA-registered Products
FDA-licensed Pharmacies
Indications/Uses
Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) is indicated in combination with metformin for the treatment of adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus to improve glycaemic control when this has not been provided by metformin alone or metformin combined with another oral glucose lowering medicinal product or with basal insulin.
Dosage/Direction for Use
Hypersensitivity to the active substances or to any of the excipients.
Overdosage
Posology: The dose must be individualised based on clinical response and is titrated based on the patient's need for insulin. The lixisenatide dose is increased or decreased along with insulin glargine dose and also depends on which pen is used.
Starting dose: Therapy with basal insulin or oral glucose lowering medicinal product other than metformin should be discontinued prior to initiation of Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua).
The starting dose of Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) is based on previous anti-diabetic treatment, and in order not to exceed the recommended lixisenatide starting dose of 10 mcg: The maximum daily dose is 60 units insulin glargine and 20 mcg lixisenatide corresponding to 60 dose steps.
Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) should be injected once a day within one hour prior to a meal. It is preferable that the prandial injection is performed before the same meal every day, when the most convenient meal has been chosen.
Dosage titration: Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) is to be dosed in accordance with the individual patient's need for insulin. It is recommended to optimise glycaemic control via dose adjustment based on fasting plasma glucose.
Close glucose monitoring is recommended during the transfer and in the following weeks.
If the patient starts with the Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) (10-40) pen, the dose may be titrated up to 40 dose steps with this pen.
For doses >40 dose steps/day titration must be continued with Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) (30-60) pen.
If the patient starts with the Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) (30-60) pen, the dose may be titrated up to 60 dose steps with this pen.
For total daily doses >60 dose steps/day, Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) must not be used. Patients adjusting the amount or timing of dosing should only do so under medical supervision.
Special population: Elderly (≥65 years old): Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) can be used in elderly patients. The dose should be adjusted on an individual basis, based on glucose monitoring. In the elderly, progressive deterioration of renal function may lead to a steady decrease in insulin requirements. For lixisenatide no dose adjustment is required based on age. The therapeutic experience of Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) in patients ≥75 years of age is limited.
Renal impairment: Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) is not recommended in patients with severe renal impairment and end-stage renal disease as there is no sufficient therapeutic experience with use of lixisenatide. No dose adjustment is required for lixisenatide in patients with mild or moderate renal impairment. In patients with renal impairment, insulin requirements may be diminished due to reduced insulin metabolism. In patients with mild to moderate renal impairment using Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua), frequent glucose monitoring and dose adjustment may be necessary.
Hepatic impairment: No dose adjustment of lixisenatide is needed in patients with hepatic impairment. In patients with hepatic impairment, insulin requirements may be diminished due to reduced capacity for gluconeogenesis and reduced insulin metabolism. Frequent glucose monitoring and dose adjustment may be necessary for Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) in patients with hepatic impairment.
Paediatric population: There is no relevant use of Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) in the paediatric population.
Starting dose: Therapy with basal insulin or oral glucose lowering medicinal product other than metformin should be discontinued prior to initiation of Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua).
The starting dose of Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) is based on previous anti-diabetic treatment, and in order not to exceed the recommended lixisenatide starting dose of 10 mcg: The maximum daily dose is 60 units insulin glargine and 20 mcg lixisenatide corresponding to 60 dose steps.
Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) should be injected once a day within one hour prior to a meal. It is preferable that the prandial injection is performed before the same meal every day, when the most convenient meal has been chosen.
Dosage titration: Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) is to be dosed in accordance with the individual patient's need for insulin. It is recommended to optimise glycaemic control via dose adjustment based on fasting plasma glucose.
Close glucose monitoring is recommended during the transfer and in the following weeks.
If the patient starts with the Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) (10-40) pen, the dose may be titrated up to 40 dose steps with this pen.
For doses >40 dose steps/day titration must be continued with Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) (30-60) pen.
If the patient starts with the Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) (30-60) pen, the dose may be titrated up to 60 dose steps with this pen.
For total daily doses >60 dose steps/day, Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) must not be used. Patients adjusting the amount or timing of dosing should only do so under medical supervision.
Special population: Elderly (≥65 years old): Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) can be used in elderly patients. The dose should be adjusted on an individual basis, based on glucose monitoring. In the elderly, progressive deterioration of renal function may lead to a steady decrease in insulin requirements. For lixisenatide no dose adjustment is required based on age. The therapeutic experience of Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) in patients ≥75 years of age is limited.
Renal impairment: Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) is not recommended in patients with severe renal impairment and end-stage renal disease as there is no sufficient therapeutic experience with use of lixisenatide. No dose adjustment is required for lixisenatide in patients with mild or moderate renal impairment. In patients with renal impairment, insulin requirements may be diminished due to reduced insulin metabolism. In patients with mild to moderate renal impairment using Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua), frequent glucose monitoring and dose adjustment may be necessary.
Hepatic impairment: No dose adjustment of lixisenatide is needed in patients with hepatic impairment. In patients with hepatic impairment, insulin requirements may be diminished due to reduced capacity for gluconeogenesis and reduced insulin metabolism. Frequent glucose monitoring and dose adjustment may be necessary for Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) in patients with hepatic impairment.
Paediatric population: There is no relevant use of Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) in the paediatric population.
Administration
Should be taken on an empty stomach: Administer w/in 1 hr before a meal, preferably before the same meal every day.
Contraindications
Women of childbearing potential: Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) is not recommended in women of childbearing potential not using contraception.
Pregnancy: There is no clinical data on exposed pregnancies from controlled clinical studies with use of Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua), insulin glargine, or lixisenatide.
A large amount of data on pregnant women (more than 1,000 pregnancy outcomes) with insulin glargine indicate no specific adverse effects of insulin glargine on pregnancy and no specific malformative nor feto/neonatal toxicity of insulin glargine. Animal data do not indicate reproductive toxicity with insulin glargine. There are no adequate data from the use of lixisenatide in pregnant women. Studies with lixisenatide in animals have shown reproductive toxicity. Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) should not be used during pregnancy. If a patient wishes to become pregnant, or pregnancy occurs, treatment with Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) should be discontinued.
Breast-feeding: It is unknown whether insulin glargine or lixisenatide is excreted in human milk. Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) should not be used during breast-feeding.
Fertility: Animal studies with lixisenatide or insulin glargine do not indicate direct harmful effects with respect to fertility.
Pregnancy: There is no clinical data on exposed pregnancies from controlled clinical studies with use of Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua), insulin glargine, or lixisenatide.
A large amount of data on pregnant women (more than 1,000 pregnancy outcomes) with insulin glargine indicate no specific adverse effects of insulin glargine on pregnancy and no specific malformative nor feto/neonatal toxicity of insulin glargine. Animal data do not indicate reproductive toxicity with insulin glargine. There are no adequate data from the use of lixisenatide in pregnant women. Studies with lixisenatide in animals have shown reproductive toxicity. Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) should not be used during pregnancy. If a patient wishes to become pregnant, or pregnancy occurs, treatment with Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) should be discontinued.
Breast-feeding: It is unknown whether insulin glargine or lixisenatide is excreted in human milk. Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) should not be used during breast-feeding.
Fertility: Animal studies with lixisenatide or insulin glargine do not indicate direct harmful effects with respect to fertility.
Special Precautions
Soliqua should not be used in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus or for the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis.
Hypoglycaemia: Hypoglycaemia was the most frequently reported observed adverse reaction during treatment with Soliqua (see Adverse Reactions). Hypoglycaemia may occur if the dose of Soliqua is higher than required.
Factors increasing the susceptibility to hypoglycaemia require particularly close monitoring and may necessitate dose adjustment. These factors include: change in the injection area; improved insulin sensitivity (e.g. by removal of stress factors); unaccustomed; increased or prolonged physical activity; intercurrent illness (e.g. vomiting, diarrhoea); inadequate food intake; missed meals; alcohol consumption; certain uncompensated endocrine disorders, (e.g. in hypothyroidism and in anterior pituitary or adrenocortical insufficiency); concomitant treatment with certain other medicinal products (see Interactions); lixisenatide and/or insulin in combination with a sulfonylurea may result in an increased risk of hypoglycaemia. Therefore, Soliqua should not be given in combination with a sulfonylurea.
The dose of Soliqua must be individualised based on clinical response and is titrated based on the patient's need for insulin (see Dosage & Administration).
Acute pancreatitis: Use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists has been associated with a risk of developing acute pancreatitis. There have been few reported events of acute pancreatitis with lixisenatide although a causal relationship has not been established. Patients should be informed of the characteristic symptoms of acute pancreatitis; persistent, severe abdominal pain. If pancreatitis is suspected, Soliqua should be discontinued; if acute pancreatitis is confirmed, lixisenatide should not be restarted. Caution should be exercised in patients with a history of pancreatitis.
Severe gastrointestinal disease: Use of GLP-1 receptor agonists may be associated with gastrointestinal adverse reactions. Soliqua has not been studied in patients with severe gastrointestinal disease, including severe gastroparesis and therefore, the use of Soliqua is not recommended in these patients.
Severe renal impairment: There is no therapeutic experience in patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than 30 ml/min) or end-stage renal disease. Use is not recommended in patients with severe renal impairment or end-stage renal disease (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions and Dosage & Administration).
Concomitant medicinal products: The delay of gastric emptying with lixisenatide may reduce the rate of absorption of orally administered medicinal products. Soliqua should be used with caution in patients receiving oral medicinal products that require rapid gastrointestinal absorption, require careful clinical monitoring or have a narrow therapeutic ratio. Specific recommendations regarding intake of such medicinal products are given in Interactions.
Dehydration: Patients treated with Soliqua should be advised of the potential risk of dehydration in relation to gastrointestinal adverse reactions and take precautions to avoid fluid depletion.
Antibody formation: Administration of Soliqua may cause formation of antibodies against insulin glargine and/or lixisenatide. In rare cases, the presence of such antibodies may necessitate adjustment of the Soliqua dose in order to correct a tendency for hyperglycaemia or hypoglycaemia.
Avoidance of medication errors: Patients must be instructed to always check the pen label before each injection to avoid accidental mix-ups between the two different strengths of Soliqua and mix-ups with other injectable diabetes medicinal products.
To avoid dosing errors and potential overdose, neither the patients nor healthcare professionals should ever use a syringe to draw the medicinal product from the cartridge in the pre-filled pen into a syringe.
Populations not studied: Switch from GLP-1 receptor agonist has not been studied.
Soliqua has not been studied in combination with DPP-4 inhibitors, sulfonylureas, glinides, pioglitazone and SGLT-2 inhibitors.
Excipients: This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol (23 mg) sodium per dose, i.e. it is essentially 'sodium-free'.
This medicinal product contains metacresol, which may cause allergic reactions.
Effects on ability to drive and use machines: Soliqua has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive or use machines. However, the patient's ability to concentrate and react may be impaired as a result of hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia or, for example as a result of visual impairment. This may constitute a risk in situations where these abilities are of special importance (e.g. driving a car or using machines).
Patients should be advised to take precautions to avoid hypoglycaemia while driving and using machines. This is particularly important in those who have reduced or absent awareness of the warning symptoms of hypoglycaemia or have frequent episodes of hypoglycaemia. It should be considered whether it is advisable to drive or use machines in these circumstances.
Hypoglycaemia: Hypoglycaemia was the most frequently reported observed adverse reaction during treatment with Soliqua (see Adverse Reactions). Hypoglycaemia may occur if the dose of Soliqua is higher than required.
Factors increasing the susceptibility to hypoglycaemia require particularly close monitoring and may necessitate dose adjustment. These factors include: change in the injection area; improved insulin sensitivity (e.g. by removal of stress factors); unaccustomed; increased or prolonged physical activity; intercurrent illness (e.g. vomiting, diarrhoea); inadequate food intake; missed meals; alcohol consumption; certain uncompensated endocrine disorders, (e.g. in hypothyroidism and in anterior pituitary or adrenocortical insufficiency); concomitant treatment with certain other medicinal products (see Interactions); lixisenatide and/or insulin in combination with a sulfonylurea may result in an increased risk of hypoglycaemia. Therefore, Soliqua should not be given in combination with a sulfonylurea.
The dose of Soliqua must be individualised based on clinical response and is titrated based on the patient's need for insulin (see Dosage & Administration).
Acute pancreatitis: Use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists has been associated with a risk of developing acute pancreatitis. There have been few reported events of acute pancreatitis with lixisenatide although a causal relationship has not been established. Patients should be informed of the characteristic symptoms of acute pancreatitis; persistent, severe abdominal pain. If pancreatitis is suspected, Soliqua should be discontinued; if acute pancreatitis is confirmed, lixisenatide should not be restarted. Caution should be exercised in patients with a history of pancreatitis.
Severe gastrointestinal disease: Use of GLP-1 receptor agonists may be associated with gastrointestinal adverse reactions. Soliqua has not been studied in patients with severe gastrointestinal disease, including severe gastroparesis and therefore, the use of Soliqua is not recommended in these patients.
Severe renal impairment: There is no therapeutic experience in patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than 30 ml/min) or end-stage renal disease. Use is not recommended in patients with severe renal impairment or end-stage renal disease (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions and Dosage & Administration).
Concomitant medicinal products: The delay of gastric emptying with lixisenatide may reduce the rate of absorption of orally administered medicinal products. Soliqua should be used with caution in patients receiving oral medicinal products that require rapid gastrointestinal absorption, require careful clinical monitoring or have a narrow therapeutic ratio. Specific recommendations regarding intake of such medicinal products are given in Interactions.
Dehydration: Patients treated with Soliqua should be advised of the potential risk of dehydration in relation to gastrointestinal adverse reactions and take precautions to avoid fluid depletion.
Antibody formation: Administration of Soliqua may cause formation of antibodies against insulin glargine and/or lixisenatide. In rare cases, the presence of such antibodies may necessitate adjustment of the Soliqua dose in order to correct a tendency for hyperglycaemia or hypoglycaemia.
Avoidance of medication errors: Patients must be instructed to always check the pen label before each injection to avoid accidental mix-ups between the two different strengths of Soliqua and mix-ups with other injectable diabetes medicinal products.
To avoid dosing errors and potential overdose, neither the patients nor healthcare professionals should ever use a syringe to draw the medicinal product from the cartridge in the pre-filled pen into a syringe.
Populations not studied: Switch from GLP-1 receptor agonist has not been studied.
Soliqua has not been studied in combination with DPP-4 inhibitors, sulfonylureas, glinides, pioglitazone and SGLT-2 inhibitors.
Excipients: This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol (23 mg) sodium per dose, i.e. it is essentially 'sodium-free'.
This medicinal product contains metacresol, which may cause allergic reactions.
Effects on ability to drive and use machines: Soliqua has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive or use machines. However, the patient's ability to concentrate and react may be impaired as a result of hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia or, for example as a result of visual impairment. This may constitute a risk in situations where these abilities are of special importance (e.g. driving a car or using machines).
Patients should be advised to take precautions to avoid hypoglycaemia while driving and using machines. This is particularly important in those who have reduced or absent awareness of the warning symptoms of hypoglycaemia or have frequent episodes of hypoglycaemia. It should be considered whether it is advisable to drive or use machines in these circumstances.
Use In Pregnancy & Lactation
Women of childbearing potential: Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) is not recommended in women of childbearing potential not using contraception.
Pregnancy: There is no clinical data on exposed pregnancies from controlled clinical studies with use of Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua), insulin glargine, or lixisenatide.
A large amount of data on pregnant women (more than 1,000 pregnancy outcomes) with insulin glargine indicate no specific adverse effects of insulin glargine on pregnancy and no specific malformative nor feto/neonatal toxicity of insulin glargine. Animal data do not indicate reproductive toxicity with insulin glargine. There are no adequate data from the use of lixisenatide in pregnant women. Studies with lixisenatide in animals have shown reproductive toxicity. Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) should not be used during pregnancy. If a patient wishes to become pregnant, or pregnancy occurs, treatment with Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) should be discontinued.
Breast-feeding: It is unknown whether insulin glargine or lixisenatide is excreted in human milk. Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) should not be used during breast-feeding.
Fertility: Animal studies with lixisenatide or insulin glargine do not indicate direct harmful effects with respect to fertility.
Pregnancy: There is no clinical data on exposed pregnancies from controlled clinical studies with use of Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua), insulin glargine, or lixisenatide.
A large amount of data on pregnant women (more than 1,000 pregnancy outcomes) with insulin glargine indicate no specific adverse effects of insulin glargine on pregnancy and no specific malformative nor feto/neonatal toxicity of insulin glargine. Animal data do not indicate reproductive toxicity with insulin glargine. There are no adequate data from the use of lixisenatide in pregnant women. Studies with lixisenatide in animals have shown reproductive toxicity. Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) should not be used during pregnancy. If a patient wishes to become pregnant, or pregnancy occurs, treatment with Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) should be discontinued.
Breast-feeding: It is unknown whether insulin glargine or lixisenatide is excreted in human milk. Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) should not be used during breast-feeding.
Fertility: Animal studies with lixisenatide or insulin glargine do not indicate direct harmful effects with respect to fertility.
Adverse Reactions
The most frequently reported adverse reactions during treatment with Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua) were hypoglycaemia and gastrointestinal adverse reactions.
The following related adverse reactions from clinical investigations are listed below by system organ class and in order of decreasing frequency (very common: ≥1/10; common: ≥1/100 to <1/10; uncommon: ≥1/1,000 to <1/100; rare: ≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000; very rare: <1/10,000).
Very common: Metabolism and nutrition disorders: Hypoglycaemia.
Common: Nervous system disorders: Dizziness.
Gastrointestinal disorders: Nausea, Diarrhoea and Vomiting.
Uncommon: Infections and infestations: Nasopharyngitis and Upper respiratory tract infection.
Immune system disorders: Urticaria.
Nervous system disorders: Headache.
Gastrointestinal disorders: Dyspepsia and Abdominal pain.
General disorders and administration site conditions: Fatigue and Injection site reactions.
The following related adverse reactions from clinical investigations are listed below by system organ class and in order of decreasing frequency (very common: ≥1/10; common: ≥1/100 to <1/10; uncommon: ≥1/1,000 to <1/100; rare: ≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000; very rare: <1/10,000).
Very common: Metabolism and nutrition disorders: Hypoglycaemia.
Common: Nervous system disorders: Dizziness.
Gastrointestinal disorders: Nausea, Diarrhoea and Vomiting.
Uncommon: Infections and infestations: Nasopharyngitis and Upper respiratory tract infection.
Immune system disorders: Urticaria.
Nervous system disorders: Headache.
Gastrointestinal disorders: Dyspepsia and Abdominal pain.
General disorders and administration site conditions: Fatigue and Injection site reactions.
Drug Interactions
No interaction studies with Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua ) have been performed. The information given below is based on studies with the monocomponents.
Pharmacodynamic interactions: A number of substances affect glucose metabolism and may require dose adjustment of Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua).
Substances that may enhance the blood-glucose-lowering effect and increase susceptibility to hypoglycaemia include anti-hyperglycaemic medicinal products, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, disopyramide, fibrates, fluoxetine, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, pentoxifylline, propoxyphene, salicylates and sulfonamide antibiotics.
Substances that may reduce the blood-glucose-lowering effect include corticosteroids, danazol, diazoxide, diuretics, glucagon, isoniazid, oestrogens and progestogens, phenothiazine derivatives, somatropin, sympathomimetic medicinal products (e.g. epinephrine [adrenaline], salbutamol, terbutaline), thyroid hormones, atypical antipsychotic medicinal products (e.g. clozapine and olanzapine) and protease inhibitors.
Beta-blockers, clonidine, lithium salts or alcohol may either potentiate or weaken the blood-glucose-lowering effect of insulin. Pentamidine may cause hypoglycaemia, which may sometimes be followed by hyperglycaemia.
In addition, under the influence of sympatholytic medicinal products such as beta-blockers, clonidine, guanethidine and reserpine, the signs of adrenergic counter-regulation may be reduced or absent.
Pharmacokinetic interactions: Lixisenatide is a peptide and is not metabolised by cytochrome P450. In in vitro studies, lixisenatide did not affect the activity of cytochrome P450 isozymes or human transporters tested.
No pharmacokinetic interactions are known for insulin glargine.
Effect of gastric emptying on oral medicinal products: The delay of gastric emptying with lixisenatide may reduce the rate of absorption of orally administered medicinal products. Patients receiving medicinal products of either a narrow therapeutic ratio or medicinal products that require careful clinical monitoring should be followed closely, especially at the time of initiation of lixisenatide treatment.
These medicinal products should be taken in a standardised way in relation to lixisenatide. If such medicinal products are to be administered with food, patients should be advised to, if possible, take them with a meal when lixisenatide is not administered.
For oral medicinal products that are particularly dependent on threshold concentrations for efficacy, such as antibiotics, patients should be advised to take those medicinal products at least 1 hour before or 4 hours after lixisenatide injection.
Gastro-resistant formulations containing substances sensitive to stomach degradation, should be administered 1 hour before or 4 hours after lixisenatide injection.
Paracetamol: Paracetamol was used as a model medicinal product to evaluate the effect of lixisenatide on gastric emptying. Following administration of a single dose of paracetamol 1000 mg, paracetamol AUC and t1/2 were unchanged whatever the timing of its administration (before or after the lixisenatide injection). When administered 1 or 4 hours after 10 mcg lixisenatide, Cmax of paracetamol was decreased by 29% and 31%, respectively and median tmax was delayed by 2.0 and 1.75 hours, respectively. A further delay in tmax and a reduced Cmax of paracetamol have been predicted with the 20 mcg maintenance dose. No effects on paracetamol Cmax and tmax were observed when paracetamol was administered 1 hour before lixisenatide.Based on these results, no dose adjustment for paracetamol is required but the delayed tmax observed when paracetamol is administered 1-4 hours after lixisenatide should be taken into account when a rapid onset of action is required for efficacy.
Oral contraceptives: Following administration of a single dose of an oral contraceptive medicinal product (ethinylestradiol 0.03 mg/levonorgestrel 0.15 mg) 1 hour before or 11 hours after 10 mcg lixisenatide, the Cmax, AUC, t1/2 and tmax of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel were unchanged.
Administration of the oral contraceptive 1 hour or 4 hours after lixisenatide did not affect AUC and t1/2 of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel, whereas Cmax of ethinylestradiol was decreased by 52% and 39%, respectively and Cmax of levonorgestrel was decreased by 46% and 20%, respectively and median tmax was delayed by 1 to 3 hours. The reduction in Cmax is of limited clinical relevance and no dose adjustment for oral contraceptives is required.
Atorvastatin: When lixisenatide 20 mcg and atorvastatin 40 mg were co-administered in the morning for 6 days, the exposure to atorvastatin was not affected, while Cmax was decreased by 31% and tmax was delayed by 3.25 hours.
No such increase for tmax was observed when atorvastatin was administered in the evening and lixisenatide in the morning but the AUC and Cmax of atorvastatin were increased by 27% and 66%, respectively.
These changes are not clinically relevant and, therefore, no dose adjustment for atorvastatin is required when co-administered with lixisenatide.
Warfarin and other coumarin derivatives: After concomitant administration of warfarin 25 mg with repeated dosing of lixisenatide 20 mcg, there were no effects on AUC or INR (International Normalised Ratio) while Cmax was reduced by 19% and tmax was delayed by 7 hours. Based on these results, no dose adjustment for warfarin is required when co-administered with lixisenatide; however, frequent monitoring of INR in patients on warfarin and/or coumarin derivatives is recommended at the time of initiation or ending of lixisenatide treatment.
Digoxin: After concomitant administration of lixisenatide 20 mcg and digoxin 0.25 mg at steady state, the AUC of digoxin was not affected. The tmax of digoxin was delayed by 1.5 hour and the Cmax was reduced by 26%. Based on these results, no dose adjustment for digoxin is required when co-administered with lixisenatide.
Ramipril: After concomitant administration of lixisenatide 20 mcg and ramipril 5 mg during 6 days, the AUC of ramipril was increased by 21% while the Cmax was decreased by 63%. The AUC and Cmax of the active metabolite (ramiprilat) were not affected. The tmax of ramipril and ramiprilat were delayed by approximately 2.5 hours. Based on these results, no dose adjustment for ramipril is required when co-administered with lixisenatide.
Pharmacodynamic interactions: A number of substances affect glucose metabolism and may require dose adjustment of Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide (Soliqua).
Substances that may enhance the blood-glucose-lowering effect and increase susceptibility to hypoglycaemia include anti-hyperglycaemic medicinal products, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, disopyramide, fibrates, fluoxetine, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, pentoxifylline, propoxyphene, salicylates and sulfonamide antibiotics.
Substances that may reduce the blood-glucose-lowering effect include corticosteroids, danazol, diazoxide, diuretics, glucagon, isoniazid, oestrogens and progestogens, phenothiazine derivatives, somatropin, sympathomimetic medicinal products (e.g. epinephrine [adrenaline], salbutamol, terbutaline), thyroid hormones, atypical antipsychotic medicinal products (e.g. clozapine and olanzapine) and protease inhibitors.
Beta-blockers, clonidine, lithium salts or alcohol may either potentiate or weaken the blood-glucose-lowering effect of insulin. Pentamidine may cause hypoglycaemia, which may sometimes be followed by hyperglycaemia.
In addition, under the influence of sympatholytic medicinal products such as beta-blockers, clonidine, guanethidine and reserpine, the signs of adrenergic counter-regulation may be reduced or absent.
Pharmacokinetic interactions: Lixisenatide is a peptide and is not metabolised by cytochrome P450. In in vitro studies, lixisenatide did not affect the activity of cytochrome P450 isozymes or human transporters tested.
No pharmacokinetic interactions are known for insulin glargine.
Effect of gastric emptying on oral medicinal products: The delay of gastric emptying with lixisenatide may reduce the rate of absorption of orally administered medicinal products. Patients receiving medicinal products of either a narrow therapeutic ratio or medicinal products that require careful clinical monitoring should be followed closely, especially at the time of initiation of lixisenatide treatment.
These medicinal products should be taken in a standardised way in relation to lixisenatide. If such medicinal products are to be administered with food, patients should be advised to, if possible, take them with a meal when lixisenatide is not administered.
For oral medicinal products that are particularly dependent on threshold concentrations for efficacy, such as antibiotics, patients should be advised to take those medicinal products at least 1 hour before or 4 hours after lixisenatide injection.
Gastro-resistant formulations containing substances sensitive to stomach degradation, should be administered 1 hour before or 4 hours after lixisenatide injection.
Paracetamol: Paracetamol was used as a model medicinal product to evaluate the effect of lixisenatide on gastric emptying. Following administration of a single dose of paracetamol 1000 mg, paracetamol AUC and t1/2 were unchanged whatever the timing of its administration (before or after the lixisenatide injection). When administered 1 or 4 hours after 10 mcg lixisenatide, Cmax of paracetamol was decreased by 29% and 31%, respectively and median tmax was delayed by 2.0 and 1.75 hours, respectively. A further delay in tmax and a reduced Cmax of paracetamol have been predicted with the 20 mcg maintenance dose. No effects on paracetamol Cmax and tmax were observed when paracetamol was administered 1 hour before lixisenatide.Based on these results, no dose adjustment for paracetamol is required but the delayed tmax observed when paracetamol is administered 1-4 hours after lixisenatide should be taken into account when a rapid onset of action is required for efficacy.
Oral contraceptives: Following administration of a single dose of an oral contraceptive medicinal product (ethinylestradiol 0.03 mg/levonorgestrel 0.15 mg) 1 hour before or 11 hours after 10 mcg lixisenatide, the Cmax, AUC, t1/2 and tmax of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel were unchanged.
Administration of the oral contraceptive 1 hour or 4 hours after lixisenatide did not affect AUC and t1/2 of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel, whereas Cmax of ethinylestradiol was decreased by 52% and 39%, respectively and Cmax of levonorgestrel was decreased by 46% and 20%, respectively and median tmax was delayed by 1 to 3 hours. The reduction in Cmax is of limited clinical relevance and no dose adjustment for oral contraceptives is required.
Atorvastatin: When lixisenatide 20 mcg and atorvastatin 40 mg were co-administered in the morning for 6 days, the exposure to atorvastatin was not affected, while Cmax was decreased by 31% and tmax was delayed by 3.25 hours.
No such increase for tmax was observed when atorvastatin was administered in the evening and lixisenatide in the morning but the AUC and Cmax of atorvastatin were increased by 27% and 66%, respectively.
These changes are not clinically relevant and, therefore, no dose adjustment for atorvastatin is required when co-administered with lixisenatide.
Warfarin and other coumarin derivatives: After concomitant administration of warfarin 25 mg with repeated dosing of lixisenatide 20 mcg, there were no effects on AUC or INR (International Normalised Ratio) while Cmax was reduced by 19% and tmax was delayed by 7 hours. Based on these results, no dose adjustment for warfarin is required when co-administered with lixisenatide; however, frequent monitoring of INR in patients on warfarin and/or coumarin derivatives is recommended at the time of initiation or ending of lixisenatide treatment.
Digoxin: After concomitant administration of lixisenatide 20 mcg and digoxin 0.25 mg at steady state, the AUC of digoxin was not affected. The tmax of digoxin was delayed by 1.5 hour and the Cmax was reduced by 26%. Based on these results, no dose adjustment for digoxin is required when co-administered with lixisenatide.
Ramipril: After concomitant administration of lixisenatide 20 mcg and ramipril 5 mg during 6 days, the AUC of ramipril was increased by 21% while the Cmax was decreased by 63%. The AUC and Cmax of the active metabolite (ramiprilat) were not affected. The tmax of ramipril and ramiprilat were delayed by approximately 2.5 hours. Based on these results, no dose adjustment for ramipril is required when co-administered with lixisenatide.
Caution For Usage
Special Precautions for disposal and other handling: Before first use, the pen must be taken out of the refrigerator and stored below 25°C for 1 to 2 hours.
The cartridge should be inspected before use. It must only be used if the solution is clear, colourless, with no solid particles visible, and if it is of water-like consistency.
Soliqua must not be mixed with any other insulin or diluted. Mixing or diluting can change its time/action profile and mixing can cause precipitation.
A new needle must always be attached before each use. Needles must not be re-used. The patient should discard the needle after each injection.
In the event of blocked needles patients must follow the instructions described in the Instructions for Use under Patient Counselling Information.
Empty pens must never be reused and must be properly discarded. To prevent the possible transmission of disease, each pen must be used by one patient only.
The label must always be checked before each injection to avoid medication errors between Soliqua and other injectable anti-diabetic medicinal products, including the 2 different pens of Soliqua (see Precautions).
Before using Soliqua, the instructions for use included in the package insert must be read carefully.
Incompatibilities: This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products.
The cartridge should be inspected before use. It must only be used if the solution is clear, colourless, with no solid particles visible, and if it is of water-like consistency.
Soliqua must not be mixed with any other insulin or diluted. Mixing or diluting can change its time/action profile and mixing can cause precipitation.
A new needle must always be attached before each use. Needles must not be re-used. The patient should discard the needle after each injection.
In the event of blocked needles patients must follow the instructions described in the Instructions for Use under Patient Counselling Information.
Empty pens must never be reused and must be properly discarded. To prevent the possible transmission of disease, each pen must be used by one patient only.
The label must always be checked before each injection to avoid medication errors between Soliqua and other injectable anti-diabetic medicinal products, including the 2 different pens of Soliqua (see Precautions).
Before using Soliqua, the instructions for use included in the package insert must be read carefully.
Incompatibilities: This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products.
Storage
Not in-use pens: Store in a refrigerator (2°C-8°C).
Do not freeze or place next to the freezer compartment or a freezer pack.
Keep the pre-filled pen in the outer carton in order to protect from light.
For in-use pens: Store below 25°C. Do not refrigerate. Do not freeze.
Do not store with attached needle.
Store pen away from direct heat or direct light. The pen cap must be put back on the pen after each injection in order to protect from light.
Shelf-life after first use of the pen: 28 days.
Do not freeze or place next to the freezer compartment or a freezer pack.
Keep the pre-filled pen in the outer carton in order to protect from light.
For in-use pens: Store below 25°C. Do not refrigerate. Do not freeze.
Do not store with attached needle.
Store pen away from direct heat or direct light. The pen cap must be put back on the pen after each injection in order to protect from light.
Shelf-life after first use of the pen: 28 days.
Action
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Drugs used in diabetes, insulins and analogues for injection, long-acting. ATC Code: A10AE54.
Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Mechanism of Action: Soliqua combines two active substances with complementary mechanisms of action to improve glycaemic control: insulin glargine, a basal insulin analog (mainly targeting fasting plasma glucose), and lixisenatide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist (mainly targeting postprandial glucose).
Insulin glargine: The primary activity of insulin, including insulin glargine, is regulation of glucose metabolism. Insulin and its analogs lower blood glucose by stimulating peripheral glucose uptake, especially by skeletal muscle and fat, and by inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Insulin inhibits lipolysis and proteolysis, and enhances protein synthesis.
Lixisenatide: Lixisenatide is a glucagon-like peptide (GLP1) receptor agonist. The GLP-1 receptor is the target for native GLP-1, an endogenous incretin hormone that potentiates glucose-dependent insulin secretion from beta cells and suppresses glucagon from alpha cells in the pancreas.
Lixisenatide stimulates insulin secretion when blood glucose is increased but not at normoglycaemia, which limits the risk of hypoglycaemia. In parallel, glucagon secretion is suppressed. In case of hypoglycaemia, the rescue mechanism of glucagon secretion is preserved. A postprandial injection of Lixisenatide also slows gastric emptying thereby reducing the rate at which meal-derived glucose is absorbed and appears in the circulation.
Pharmacodynamic effects: Soliqua: The combination of insulin glargine and lixisenatide has no impact on the pharmacodynamics of insulin glargine. The impact of the combination of insulin glargine and lixisenatide on the pharmacodynamics of lixisenatide has not been studied in phase 1 studies.
Consistent with a relatively constant concentration/time profile of insulin glargine over 24 hours with no pronounced peak when administered alone, the glucose utilisation rate/time profile was similar when given in the insulin glargine/lixisenatide combination.
The time course of action of insulins, including Soliqua, may vary between individuals and within the same individual.
Insulin glargine: In clinical studies with insulin glargine (100 units/ml) the glucose-lowering effect on a molar basis (i.e., when given at the same doses) of intravenous insulin glargine is approximately the same as that for human insulin.
Lixisenatide: In a 28-day placebo-controlled study in patients with type 2 diabetes 5 to 20 mcg lixisenatide resulted in a statistically significant decreases in postprandial blood glucose after breakfast, lunch and dinner.
Gastric emptying: Following a standardised labelled test meal, in the study referred to previously, it was confirmed that lixisenatide slows gastric emptying, thereby reducing the rate of postprandial glucose absorption. The slowing effect of gastric emptying was maintained at the end of the study.
Clinical efficacy and safety: The safety and effectiveness of Soliqua on glycaemic control were evaluated in two randomised clinical studies in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Add-on to metformin [insulin naive]; Switch from basal insulin.
In each of the active-controlled trials, treatment with Soliqua produced clinically and statistically significant improvements in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c).
Reaching lower HbA1c levels and achieving greater HbA1c reduction did not increase rates of hypoglycaemia with combination treatment versus insulin glargine alone (see Adverse Reactions).
In the Add-on to metformin clinical study the treatment was started at 10 dose steps (10 units insulin glargine and 5 mcg lixisenatide). In the switch from basal insulin clinical study the starting dose was 20 dose steps (20 units insulin glargine and 10 mcg lixisenatide) or 30 dose steps, (30 units insulin glargine and 10 mcg lixisenatide), see Dosage & Administration, depending on the previous insulin dose. In both studies the dose was titrated once weekly, based on fasting self-measured plasma glucose values.
Add-on to metformin [insulin naive]: Clinical study in patients with Type 2 diabetes insufficiently controlled on OAD treatment: A total of 1770 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomised in an open label, 30-week, active-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Soliqua compared to the individual components, insulin glargine (100 units/ml) and lixisenatide (20 mcg).
Patients with type 2 diabetes, treated with metformin alone or metformin and a second OAD treatment that could be a sulfonylurea or a glinide or a sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor or a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, and who were not adequately controlled with this treatment (HbA1c range 7.5% to 10% for patients previously treated with metformin alone and 7.0% to 9% for patients previously treated with metformin and a second oral anti-diabetic treatment) entered a run-in period for 4 weeks. During this run-in phase metformin treatment was optimised and any other OADs were discontinued. At the end of the run-in period, patients who remained inadequately controlled (HbA1c between 7% and 10%) were randomised to either Soliqua, insulin glargine or lixisenatide. Of the 1479 patients who started the run-in phase, 1170 were randomised. The main reasons for not entering the randomized phase were FPG value >13.9 mmol/L and HbA1c value <7% or >10% at the end of the run-in phase.
The randomised type 2 diabetes population had the following characteristics: Mean age was 58.4 years with the majority (57.1%) being aged of 50 to 64 years, and 50.6 percent were male. The mean BMI at baseline was 31.7 kg/m2 with 63.4% of patients having a BMI ≥30 kg/m2. The mean duration of diabetes was approximately 9 years. Metformin was a mandatory background therapy and 58% of patients received a second OAD at screening, being a sulfonylurea in 54% of patients.
At Week 30, Soliqua provided statistically significant improvement in HbA1c (p-value <0.0001) compared to the individual components. In a pre-specified analysis of this primary endpoint, the differences observed were consistent with regard to baseline Hb1Ac (<8% or ≥8%) or baseline OAD use (metformin alone or metformin plus second OAD).
See Table 1 and Figure 1 as follows for the other endpoints in the study.
Patients in the Soliqua group reported a statistically significant greater decrease in the average 7-point self-monitored plasma glucose (SMPG) profile from baseline to Week 30 (-3.35 mmol/L) compared to patients in the insulin glargine group (-2.66 mmol/L; difference -0.69 mmol/L) and patients in the lixisenatide group (-1.95 mmol/L; difference -1.40 mmol/L) (p<0.0001 for both comparisons). At all time points, 30-week mean plasma glucose values were lower in the Soliqua group than in both the insulin glargine group and the lixisenatide group, with the only exception of the pre-breakfast value which was similar between the Soliqua group and the insulin glargine group.
Switch from basal insulin: Clinical study in patients with Type 2 diabetes insufficiently controlled on basal insulin: A total of 736 patients with type 3 diabetes participated in a randomised, 30-week, active-controlled, open-label, 2-treatment arm, parallel group, multicenter study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Soliqua compared to insulin glargine (100 units/ml).
Patients screened had type 2 diabetes were treated with basal insulin for at least 6 months, receiving a stable daily dose of between 15 and 40 U alone or combined with 1 or 2 OADs (metformin or a sulfonylurea or a glinide or a SGLT-2 inhibitor or a DPP-4 inhibitor), had an HbA1c between 7.5% and 10% (mean HbA1c of 8.5% at screening) and a FPG less than or equal to 10.0 mmol/L or 11.1 mmol/L depending on their previous anti-diabetic treatment.
After screening, eligible patients (n=1018) entered a 6-week run-in phase where patients remained on or switched to insulin glargine, in case they took another basal insulin, and had their insulin dose titrated/stabilised while continuing metformin (if previously taken). Any other OADs were discontinued.
At the end of the run-in period, patients with an HbA1c between 7 and 10%, FPG ≤7.77 mmol/L and insulin glargine daily dose of 20 to 50 units, were randomised to either Soliqua (n=367) or insulin glargine (n=369).
This type 2 diabetes population had the following characteristics: Mean age was 60.0 years with the majority (56.3%) being aged of 50 to 64 years, and 53.3 percent were female. The mean BMI at baseline was 31.1 kg/m2 with 57.3% of patients having a BMI ≥30 kg/m2. The mean diabetes duration was approximately 12 years and the mean duration of previous basal insulin treatment was approximately 3 years. At screening 64.4% of patients were receiving insulin glargine as basal insulin and 95.0% received at least 1 concomitant OAD.
At week 30, Soliqua provided statistically significant improvement in HbA1c (p-value <0.0001) compared to insulin glargine.
See Table 2 and Figure 2 as follows for the other endpoints in the study.
Cardiovascular outcome studies: The cardiovascular safety of insulin glargine and lixisenatide has been established in the ORIGIN and ELIXA clinical trials, respectively. No dedicated cardiovascular outcome trial has been conducted with Soliqua.
Insulin glargine: The Outcome Reduction with Initial Glargine Intervention trial (i.e., ORIGIN) was an open-label, randomised, 12,537 patient study that compared LANTUS to standard care on the time to first occurrence of a major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE). MACE was defined as the composite of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction and nonfatal stroke. The median duration of study follow-up was 6.2 years. The incidence of MACE was similar between LANTUS and standard care in ORIGIN [Hazard Ratio (95% CI) for MACE; 1.02 (0.94, 1.11)].
Lixisenatide: The ELIXA study was a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, multinational study that evaluated cardiovascular (CV) outcomes during treatment with lixisenatide in patients (n=6068) with type 2 diabetes mellitus after a recent Acute Coronary Syndrome. The primary composite efficacy endpoint was the time to the first occurrence of any of the following events: Cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, or hospitalisation for unstable angina. The median duration of study follow-up was 25.8 and 25.7 months in the lixisenatide group and the placebo group, respectively.
The incidence of the primary endpoint was similar in the lixisenatide (13.4%) and placebo (13.2%) groups; the hazard ratio (HR) for lixisenatide versus placebo was 1.017, with an associated 2-sided 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.886 to 1.168.
Paediatric population: The European Medicines Agency has waived the obligation to submit the results of studies with Soliqua in all subsets of the paediatric population for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (see Dosage & Administration for information on paediatric use).
Pharmacokinetics: Absorption: The insulin glargine/lixisentaide ratio has no relevant impact on the PK of insulin glargine and lixisenatide in Soliqua.
After subcutaneous administration of insulin glargine/lixisenatide combinations to patients with type 1 diabetes, insulin glargine showed no pronounced peak. Exposure to insulin glargine following administration of the insulin glargine/lixisenatide combination was 86-88% compared to administration of separate simultaneous injections of insulin glargine and lixisenatide. The difference is not considered clinically relevant.
After subcutaneous administration of insulin glargine/lixisenatide combinations to patients with type 1 diabetes, the median tmax of lixisenatide was in the range of 2.5 to 3.0 hours. AUC was comparable while there was a small decrease in Cmax of lixisenatide of 22-34% compared with separate simultaneous administration of insulin glargine and lixisenatide, which is not likely to be clinically significant.
There are no clinically relevant differences in the rate of absorption when lixisenatide as monotherapy is administered subcutaneously in the abdomen, deltoid, or thigh.
Distribution: Lixisenatide has a low level (55%) of binding to human proteins. The apparent volume of distribution of lixisenatide after subcutaneous administration of insulin glargine/lixisenatide combinations (Vz/F) is approximately 100 L. The apparent volume of distribution of insulin glargine after subcutaneous administration of the insulin glargine/lixisenatide combinations (Vss/F) is approximately 1700 L.
Biotransformation and elimination: A metabolism study in diabetic patients who received insulin glargine alone indicates that insulin glargine is rapidly metabolised at the carboxyl terminus of the B chain to form two active metabolites, M1 (21A-Gly-insulin) and M2 (21a-Gly-des-30B-Thr-insulin). In plasma, the principal circulating compound is the metabolite M1. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic findings indicate that the effect of the subcutaneous injection with insulin glargine is principally based on exposure to M1.
As a peptide, lixisenatide is eliminated through glomerular filtration, followed by tubular reabsorption and subsequent metabolic degradation, resulting in smaller peptides and amino acids, which are reintroduced in the protein metabolism. After multiple-dose administration in patients with type 2 diabetes, mean terminal half-life was approximately 3 hours and the mean apparent clearance (CL/F) about 35 L/h.
Special Populations: Renal impairment: In subjects with mild (creatinine clearance calculated by the Cockroft-Gault formula 60-90 ml/min), moderate (creatinine clearance 30-60 ml/min) and severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance 15-30 ml/min) AUC of lixisenatide was increased by 46%, 51% and 87% respectively.
Insulin glargine has not been studied in patients with renal impairment. In patients with renal impairment, however, insulin requirements may be diminished due to reduced insulin metabolism.
Hepatic impairment: As lixisenatide is cleared primarily by the kidney, no pharmacokinetic study has been performed in patients with acute or chronic hepatic impairment. Hepatic dysfunction is not expected to affect the pharmacokinetics of lixisenatide.
Insulin glargine has not been studied in diabetes patients with hepatic impairment. In patients with hepatic impairment, insulin requirements may be diminished due to reduced capacity for gluconeogenesis and reduced insulin metabolism.
Age, Race, Gender and Body weight: Insulin glargine: Effect of age, race and gender on the pharmacokinetics of insulin glargine has not been evaluated. In controlled clinical trials in adults with insulin glargine (100 units/ml), subgroup analyses based on age, race and gender did not show differences in safety and efficacy.
Lixisenatide: Age has no clinically relevant effect on the pharmacokinetics of lixisenatide. In a pharmacokinetic study in elderly non-diabetic subjects, administration of lixisenatide 20 mcg resulted in a mean increase of lixisenatide AUC by 29% in the elderly population (11 subjects aged 65 to 74 years and 7 subjects aged ≥75 years) compared to 18 subjects aged 18 to 45 years, likely related to reduced renal function in the older age group.
Ethnic origin had no clinically relevant effect on the pharmacokinetics of lixisenatide based on the results of pharmacokinetic studies in Caucasian, Japanese and Chinese subjects.
Gender has no clinically relevant effect on the pharmacokinetics of lixisenatide.
Body weight has no clinically relevant effect on lixisenatide AUC.
Immunogenicity: In the presence of anti-lixisenatide antibodies, lixisenatide exposure and variability in exposure are markedly increased regardless of the dose level.
Paediatric population: No studies have been performed with Soliqua in children and adolescents below 18 years of age.
Toxicology: Preclinical safety data: No animal studies have been conducted with the combination of insulin glargine and lixisenatide to evaluate repeated dose toxicity, carcinogenesis, genotoxicity, or toxicity to reproduction.
Insulin glargine: Non-clinical data for insulin glargine reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeated dose toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenic potential, toxicity to reproduction.
Lixisenatide: In 2-year subcutaneous carcinogenicity studies, non-lethal C-cell thyroid tumors were seen in rats and mice and are considered to be caused by a non-genotoxic GLP-1 receptor-mediated mechanism to which rodents are particularly sensitive. C-cell hyperplasia and adenoma were seen at all doses in rats and a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) could not be defined. In mice, these effects occurred at exposure ratio above 9.3-fold when compared to human exposure at the therapeutic dose. No C-cell carcinoma was observed in mice and C-cell carcinoma occurred in rats with an exposure ratio relative to exposure at human therapeutic dose of about 900-fold.
In a 2-year subcutaneous carcinogenicity study in mice, 3 cases of adenocarcinoma in the endometrium were seen in the mid dose group with a statistically significant increase, corresponding to an exposure ratio of 97-fold. No treatment-related effect was demonstrated.
Animal studies did not indicate direct harmful effects with respect to male and female fertility in rats. Reversible testicular and epididymal lesions were seen in dogs treated with lixisenatide. No related effect on spermatogenesis was seen in healthy men.
In embryo-foetal development studies, malformations, growth retardation, ossification retardation and skeletal effects were observed in rats at all doses (5-fold exposure ratio compared to human exposure) and in rabbits at high doses (32-fold exposure ratio compared to human exposure) of lixisenatide. In both species, there was a slight maternal toxicity consisting of low food consumption and reduced body weight. Neonatal growth was reduced in male rats exposed to high doses of lixisenatide during late gestation and lactation, with a slightly increased pup mortality observed.
Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Mechanism of Action: Soliqua combines two active substances with complementary mechanisms of action to improve glycaemic control: insulin glargine, a basal insulin analog (mainly targeting fasting plasma glucose), and lixisenatide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist (mainly targeting postprandial glucose).
Insulin glargine: The primary activity of insulin, including insulin glargine, is regulation of glucose metabolism. Insulin and its analogs lower blood glucose by stimulating peripheral glucose uptake, especially by skeletal muscle and fat, and by inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Insulin inhibits lipolysis and proteolysis, and enhances protein synthesis.
Lixisenatide: Lixisenatide is a glucagon-like peptide (GLP1) receptor agonist. The GLP-1 receptor is the target for native GLP-1, an endogenous incretin hormone that potentiates glucose-dependent insulin secretion from beta cells and suppresses glucagon from alpha cells in the pancreas.
Lixisenatide stimulates insulin secretion when blood glucose is increased but not at normoglycaemia, which limits the risk of hypoglycaemia. In parallel, glucagon secretion is suppressed. In case of hypoglycaemia, the rescue mechanism of glucagon secretion is preserved. A postprandial injection of Lixisenatide also slows gastric emptying thereby reducing the rate at which meal-derived glucose is absorbed and appears in the circulation.
Pharmacodynamic effects: Soliqua: The combination of insulin glargine and lixisenatide has no impact on the pharmacodynamics of insulin glargine. The impact of the combination of insulin glargine and lixisenatide on the pharmacodynamics of lixisenatide has not been studied in phase 1 studies.
Consistent with a relatively constant concentration/time profile of insulin glargine over 24 hours with no pronounced peak when administered alone, the glucose utilisation rate/time profile was similar when given in the insulin glargine/lixisenatide combination.
The time course of action of insulins, including Soliqua, may vary between individuals and within the same individual.
Insulin glargine: In clinical studies with insulin glargine (100 units/ml) the glucose-lowering effect on a molar basis (i.e., when given at the same doses) of intravenous insulin glargine is approximately the same as that for human insulin.
Lixisenatide: In a 28-day placebo-controlled study in patients with type 2 diabetes 5 to 20 mcg lixisenatide resulted in a statistically significant decreases in postprandial blood glucose after breakfast, lunch and dinner.
Gastric emptying: Following a standardised labelled test meal, in the study referred to previously, it was confirmed that lixisenatide slows gastric emptying, thereby reducing the rate of postprandial glucose absorption. The slowing effect of gastric emptying was maintained at the end of the study.
Clinical efficacy and safety: The safety and effectiveness of Soliqua on glycaemic control were evaluated in two randomised clinical studies in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Add-on to metformin [insulin naive]; Switch from basal insulin.
In each of the active-controlled trials, treatment with Soliqua produced clinically and statistically significant improvements in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c).
Reaching lower HbA1c levels and achieving greater HbA1c reduction did not increase rates of hypoglycaemia with combination treatment versus insulin glargine alone (see Adverse Reactions).
In the Add-on to metformin clinical study the treatment was started at 10 dose steps (10 units insulin glargine and 5 mcg lixisenatide). In the switch from basal insulin clinical study the starting dose was 20 dose steps (20 units insulin glargine and 10 mcg lixisenatide) or 30 dose steps, (30 units insulin glargine and 10 mcg lixisenatide), see Dosage & Administration, depending on the previous insulin dose. In both studies the dose was titrated once weekly, based on fasting self-measured plasma glucose values.
Add-on to metformin [insulin naive]: Clinical study in patients with Type 2 diabetes insufficiently controlled on OAD treatment: A total of 1770 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomised in an open label, 30-week, active-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Soliqua compared to the individual components, insulin glargine (100 units/ml) and lixisenatide (20 mcg).
Patients with type 2 diabetes, treated with metformin alone or metformin and a second OAD treatment that could be a sulfonylurea or a glinide or a sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor or a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, and who were not adequately controlled with this treatment (HbA1c range 7.5% to 10% for patients previously treated with metformin alone and 7.0% to 9% for patients previously treated with metformin and a second oral anti-diabetic treatment) entered a run-in period for 4 weeks. During this run-in phase metformin treatment was optimised and any other OADs were discontinued. At the end of the run-in period, patients who remained inadequately controlled (HbA1c between 7% and 10%) were randomised to either Soliqua, insulin glargine or lixisenatide. Of the 1479 patients who started the run-in phase, 1170 were randomised. The main reasons for not entering the randomized phase were FPG value >13.9 mmol/L and HbA1c value <7% or >10% at the end of the run-in phase.
The randomised type 2 diabetes population had the following characteristics: Mean age was 58.4 years with the majority (57.1%) being aged of 50 to 64 years, and 50.6 percent were male. The mean BMI at baseline was 31.7 kg/m2 with 63.4% of patients having a BMI ≥30 kg/m2. The mean duration of diabetes was approximately 9 years. Metformin was a mandatory background therapy and 58% of patients received a second OAD at screening, being a sulfonylurea in 54% of patients.
At Week 30, Soliqua provided statistically significant improvement in HbA1c (p-value <0.0001) compared to the individual components. In a pre-specified analysis of this primary endpoint, the differences observed were consistent with regard to baseline Hb1Ac (<8% or ≥8%) or baseline OAD use (metformin alone or metformin plus second OAD).
See Table 1 and Figure 1 as follows for the other endpoints in the study.
Patients in the Soliqua group reported a statistically significant greater decrease in the average 7-point self-monitored plasma glucose (SMPG) profile from baseline to Week 30 (-3.35 mmol/L) compared to patients in the insulin glargine group (-2.66 mmol/L; difference -0.69 mmol/L) and patients in the lixisenatide group (-1.95 mmol/L; difference -1.40 mmol/L) (p<0.0001 for both comparisons). At all time points, 30-week mean plasma glucose values were lower in the Soliqua group than in both the insulin glargine group and the lixisenatide group, with the only exception of the pre-breakfast value which was similar between the Soliqua group and the insulin glargine group.
Switch from basal insulin: Clinical study in patients with Type 2 diabetes insufficiently controlled on basal insulin: A total of 736 patients with type 3 diabetes participated in a randomised, 30-week, active-controlled, open-label, 2-treatment arm, parallel group, multicenter study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Soliqua compared to insulin glargine (100 units/ml).
Patients screened had type 2 diabetes were treated with basal insulin for at least 6 months, receiving a stable daily dose of between 15 and 40 U alone or combined with 1 or 2 OADs (metformin or a sulfonylurea or a glinide or a SGLT-2 inhibitor or a DPP-4 inhibitor), had an HbA1c between 7.5% and 10% (mean HbA1c of 8.5% at screening) and a FPG less than or equal to 10.0 mmol/L or 11.1 mmol/L depending on their previous anti-diabetic treatment.
After screening, eligible patients (n=1018) entered a 6-week run-in phase where patients remained on or switched to insulin glargine, in case they took another basal insulin, and had their insulin dose titrated/stabilised while continuing metformin (if previously taken). Any other OADs were discontinued.
At the end of the run-in period, patients with an HbA1c between 7 and 10%, FPG ≤7.77 mmol/L and insulin glargine daily dose of 20 to 50 units, were randomised to either Soliqua (n=367) or insulin glargine (n=369).
This type 2 diabetes population had the following characteristics: Mean age was 60.0 years with the majority (56.3%) being aged of 50 to 64 years, and 53.3 percent were female. The mean BMI at baseline was 31.1 kg/m2 with 57.3% of patients having a BMI ≥30 kg/m2. The mean diabetes duration was approximately 12 years and the mean duration of previous basal insulin treatment was approximately 3 years. At screening 64.4% of patients were receiving insulin glargine as basal insulin and 95.0% received at least 1 concomitant OAD.
At week 30, Soliqua provided statistically significant improvement in HbA1c (p-value <0.0001) compared to insulin glargine.
See Table 2 and Figure 2 as follows for the other endpoints in the study.
Cardiovascular outcome studies: The cardiovascular safety of insulin glargine and lixisenatide has been established in the ORIGIN and ELIXA clinical trials, respectively. No dedicated cardiovascular outcome trial has been conducted with Soliqua.
Insulin glargine: The Outcome Reduction with Initial Glargine Intervention trial (i.e., ORIGIN) was an open-label, randomised, 12,537 patient study that compared LANTUS to standard care on the time to first occurrence of a major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE). MACE was defined as the composite of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction and nonfatal stroke. The median duration of study follow-up was 6.2 years. The incidence of MACE was similar between LANTUS and standard care in ORIGIN [Hazard Ratio (95% CI) for MACE; 1.02 (0.94, 1.11)].
Lixisenatide: The ELIXA study was a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, multinational study that evaluated cardiovascular (CV) outcomes during treatment with lixisenatide in patients (n=6068) with type 2 diabetes mellitus after a recent Acute Coronary Syndrome. The primary composite efficacy endpoint was the time to the first occurrence of any of the following events: Cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, or hospitalisation for unstable angina. The median duration of study follow-up was 25.8 and 25.7 months in the lixisenatide group and the placebo group, respectively.
The incidence of the primary endpoint was similar in the lixisenatide (13.4%) and placebo (13.2%) groups; the hazard ratio (HR) for lixisenatide versus placebo was 1.017, with an associated 2-sided 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.886 to 1.168.
Paediatric population: The European Medicines Agency has waived the obligation to submit the results of studies with Soliqua in all subsets of the paediatric population for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (see Dosage & Administration for information on paediatric use).
Pharmacokinetics: Absorption: The insulin glargine/lixisentaide ratio has no relevant impact on the PK of insulin glargine and lixisenatide in Soliqua.
After subcutaneous administration of insulin glargine/lixisenatide combinations to patients with type 1 diabetes, insulin glargine showed no pronounced peak. Exposure to insulin glargine following administration of the insulin glargine/lixisenatide combination was 86-88% compared to administration of separate simultaneous injections of insulin glargine and lixisenatide. The difference is not considered clinically relevant.
After subcutaneous administration of insulin glargine/lixisenatide combinations to patients with type 1 diabetes, the median tmax of lixisenatide was in the range of 2.5 to 3.0 hours. AUC was comparable while there was a small decrease in Cmax of lixisenatide of 22-34% compared with separate simultaneous administration of insulin glargine and lixisenatide, which is not likely to be clinically significant.
There are no clinically relevant differences in the rate of absorption when lixisenatide as monotherapy is administered subcutaneously in the abdomen, deltoid, or thigh.
Distribution: Lixisenatide has a low level (55%) of binding to human proteins. The apparent volume of distribution of lixisenatide after subcutaneous administration of insulin glargine/lixisenatide combinations (Vz/F) is approximately 100 L. The apparent volume of distribution of insulin glargine after subcutaneous administration of the insulin glargine/lixisenatide combinations (Vss/F) is approximately 1700 L.
Biotransformation and elimination: A metabolism study in diabetic patients who received insulin glargine alone indicates that insulin glargine is rapidly metabolised at the carboxyl terminus of the B chain to form two active metabolites, M1 (21A-Gly-insulin) and M2 (21a-Gly-des-30B-Thr-insulin). In plasma, the principal circulating compound is the metabolite M1. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic findings indicate that the effect of the subcutaneous injection with insulin glargine is principally based on exposure to M1.
As a peptide, lixisenatide is eliminated through glomerular filtration, followed by tubular reabsorption and subsequent metabolic degradation, resulting in smaller peptides and amino acids, which are reintroduced in the protein metabolism. After multiple-dose administration in patients with type 2 diabetes, mean terminal half-life was approximately 3 hours and the mean apparent clearance (CL/F) about 35 L/h.
Special Populations: Renal impairment: In subjects with mild (creatinine clearance calculated by the Cockroft-Gault formula 60-90 ml/min), moderate (creatinine clearance 30-60 ml/min) and severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance 15-30 ml/min) AUC of lixisenatide was increased by 46%, 51% and 87% respectively.
Insulin glargine has not been studied in patients with renal impairment. In patients with renal impairment, however, insulin requirements may be diminished due to reduced insulin metabolism.
Hepatic impairment: As lixisenatide is cleared primarily by the kidney, no pharmacokinetic study has been performed in patients with acute or chronic hepatic impairment. Hepatic dysfunction is not expected to affect the pharmacokinetics of lixisenatide.
Insulin glargine has not been studied in diabetes patients with hepatic impairment. In patients with hepatic impairment, insulin requirements may be diminished due to reduced capacity for gluconeogenesis and reduced insulin metabolism.
Age, Race, Gender and Body weight: Insulin glargine: Effect of age, race and gender on the pharmacokinetics of insulin glargine has not been evaluated. In controlled clinical trials in adults with insulin glargine (100 units/ml), subgroup analyses based on age, race and gender did not show differences in safety and efficacy.
Lixisenatide: Age has no clinically relevant effect on the pharmacokinetics of lixisenatide. In a pharmacokinetic study in elderly non-diabetic subjects, administration of lixisenatide 20 mcg resulted in a mean increase of lixisenatide AUC by 29% in the elderly population (11 subjects aged 65 to 74 years and 7 subjects aged ≥75 years) compared to 18 subjects aged 18 to 45 years, likely related to reduced renal function in the older age group.
Ethnic origin had no clinically relevant effect on the pharmacokinetics of lixisenatide based on the results of pharmacokinetic studies in Caucasian, Japanese and Chinese subjects.
Gender has no clinically relevant effect on the pharmacokinetics of lixisenatide.
Body weight has no clinically relevant effect on lixisenatide AUC.
Immunogenicity: In the presence of anti-lixisenatide antibodies, lixisenatide exposure and variability in exposure are markedly increased regardless of the dose level.
Paediatric population: No studies have been performed with Soliqua in children and adolescents below 18 years of age.
Toxicology: Preclinical safety data: No animal studies have been conducted with the combination of insulin glargine and lixisenatide to evaluate repeated dose toxicity, carcinogenesis, genotoxicity, or toxicity to reproduction.
Insulin glargine: Non-clinical data for insulin glargine reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeated dose toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenic potential, toxicity to reproduction.
Lixisenatide: In 2-year subcutaneous carcinogenicity studies, non-lethal C-cell thyroid tumors were seen in rats and mice and are considered to be caused by a non-genotoxic GLP-1 receptor-mediated mechanism to which rodents are particularly sensitive. C-cell hyperplasia and adenoma were seen at all doses in rats and a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) could not be defined. In mice, these effects occurred at exposure ratio above 9.3-fold when compared to human exposure at the therapeutic dose. No C-cell carcinoma was observed in mice and C-cell carcinoma occurred in rats with an exposure ratio relative to exposure at human therapeutic dose of about 900-fold.
In a 2-year subcutaneous carcinogenicity study in mice, 3 cases of adenocarcinoma in the endometrium were seen in the mid dose group with a statistically significant increase, corresponding to an exposure ratio of 97-fold. No treatment-related effect was demonstrated.
Animal studies did not indicate direct harmful effects with respect to male and female fertility in rats. Reversible testicular and epididymal lesions were seen in dogs treated with lixisenatide. No related effect on spermatogenesis was seen in healthy men.
In embryo-foetal development studies, malformations, growth retardation, ossification retardation and skeletal effects were observed in rats at all doses (5-fold exposure ratio compared to human exposure) and in rabbits at high doses (32-fold exposure ratio compared to human exposure) of lixisenatide. In both species, there was a slight maternal toxicity consisting of low food consumption and reduced body weight. Neonatal growth was reduced in male rats exposed to high doses of lixisenatide during late gestation and lactation, with a slightly increased pup mortality observed.
MedsGo Class
Antidiabetic Agents / Insulin Preparations
Features
Brand
Soliqua
Full Details
Dosage Strength
3.64 mg (Equivalent to 100 Units of Insulin glargine / 33 mcg / ml Solution
Drug Ingredients
- Insulin Glargine
- Lixisenatide
Drug Packaging
Solution for Injection (S.C.) 3ml x 1's
Generic Name
Insulin Glargine / Lixisenatide
Dosage Form
Solution For Injection (S.C.)
Registration Number
BR-1271
Drug Classification
Prescription Drug (RX)
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