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Indications/Uses
Ulcerative Colitis: Vedolizumab (Entyvio) is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis who have had an inadequate response with, lost response to, or were intolerant to either conventional therapy or a tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) antagonist.
Crohn's Disease: Vedolizumab (Entyvio) is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with moderately to severely active Crohn's disease who have had an inadequate response with, lost response to, or were intolerant to either conventional therapy or a tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) antagonist.
Crohn's Disease: Vedolizumab (Entyvio) is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with moderately to severely active Crohn's disease who have had an inadequate response with, lost response to, or were intolerant to either conventional therapy or a tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) antagonist.
Dosage/Direction for Use
Vedolizumab (Entyvio) treatment should be initiated and supervised by specialist healthcare professionals experienced in the diagnosis and treatment of ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease see Precautions. Patients should be given the package leaflet and the Patient Alert Card.
Posology: Ulcerative Colitis: The recommended dose regimen of intravenous Vedolizumab (Entyvio) is 300 mg administered by intravenous infusion at 0, 2 and 6 weeks and then every 8 weeks thereafter.
Therapy for patients with ulcerative colitis should be discontinued if no evidence of therapeutic benefit is observed by Week 10 (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions).
Some patients who have experienced a decrease in their response may benefit from an increase in dosing frequency to intravenous Vedolizumab (Entyvio) 300 mg every 4 weeks.
In patients who have responded to treatment with Vedolizumab (Entyvio), corticosteroids may be reduced and/or discontinued in accordance with standard of care.
Retreatment: If therapy is interrupted and there is a need to restart treatment with intravenous Vedolizumab (Entyvio), dosing at every 4 weeks may be considered (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions). The treatment interruption period in clinical trials extended up to 1 year. Efficacy was regained with no evident increase in adverse events or infusion related reactions during retreatment with vedolizumab (see Adverse Reactions).
Crohn's disease: The recommended dose regimen of intravenous Vedolizumab (Entyvio) is 300 mg administered by intravenous infusion at 0, 2 and 6 weeks and then every 8 weeks thereafter.
Patients with Crohn's disease, who have not shown a response may benefit from a dose of Intravenous Vedolizumab (Entyvio) at Week 10 (see Precautions).
Continue therapy every 8 weeks from Week 14 in responding patients. Therapy for patients with Crohn's disease should be discontinued if no evidence of therapeutic benefit is observed by Week 14 (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions).
Some patients who have experienced a decrease in their response may benefit from an increase in dosing frequency to intravenous Vedolizumab (Entyvio) 300 mg every 4 weeks.
In patients who have responded to treatment with Vedolizumab (Entyvio), corticosteroids may be reduced and/or discontinued in accordance with standard of care.
Retreatment: If therapy is interrupted and there is a need to restart treatment with intravenous Vedolizumab (Entyvio), dosing at every 4 weeks may be considered (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions).
The treatment interruption period in clinical trials extended up to 1 year.
Efficacy was regained with no evident increase in adverse events or infusion-related reactions during retreatment with vedolizumab (see Adverse Reactions).
Paediatric population: The safety and efficacy of vedolizumab in children aged 0 to 17 years old have not been established. No data are available.
Elderly patients: No dose adjustment is required in elderly patients. Population pharmacokinetic analyses showed no effect of age (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions).
Patients with renal or hepatic impairment: Vedolizumab (Entyvio) has not been studied in these patient populations. No dose recommendations can be made.
Method of administration: Vedolizumab (Entyvio) 300 mg powder for concentrate for solution for infusion is for intravenous use only. It is to be reconstituted and further diluted prior to intravenous administration, for instructions see Special precautions for disposal and other handling under Cautions for Usage.
Vedolizumab (Entyvio) 300 mg powder for concentrate for solution for infusion is administered as an intravenous infusion over 30 minutes.
Patients should be monitored during and after infusion (see Precautions).
Posology: Ulcerative Colitis: The recommended dose regimen of intravenous Vedolizumab (Entyvio) is 300 mg administered by intravenous infusion at 0, 2 and 6 weeks and then every 8 weeks thereafter.
Therapy for patients with ulcerative colitis should be discontinued if no evidence of therapeutic benefit is observed by Week 10 (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions).
Some patients who have experienced a decrease in their response may benefit from an increase in dosing frequency to intravenous Vedolizumab (Entyvio) 300 mg every 4 weeks.
In patients who have responded to treatment with Vedolizumab (Entyvio), corticosteroids may be reduced and/or discontinued in accordance with standard of care.
Retreatment: If therapy is interrupted and there is a need to restart treatment with intravenous Vedolizumab (Entyvio), dosing at every 4 weeks may be considered (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions). The treatment interruption period in clinical trials extended up to 1 year. Efficacy was regained with no evident increase in adverse events or infusion related reactions during retreatment with vedolizumab (see Adverse Reactions).
Crohn's disease: The recommended dose regimen of intravenous Vedolizumab (Entyvio) is 300 mg administered by intravenous infusion at 0, 2 and 6 weeks and then every 8 weeks thereafter.
Patients with Crohn's disease, who have not shown a response may benefit from a dose of Intravenous Vedolizumab (Entyvio) at Week 10 (see Precautions).
Continue therapy every 8 weeks from Week 14 in responding patients. Therapy for patients with Crohn's disease should be discontinued if no evidence of therapeutic benefit is observed by Week 14 (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions).
Some patients who have experienced a decrease in their response may benefit from an increase in dosing frequency to intravenous Vedolizumab (Entyvio) 300 mg every 4 weeks.
In patients who have responded to treatment with Vedolizumab (Entyvio), corticosteroids may be reduced and/or discontinued in accordance with standard of care.
Retreatment: If therapy is interrupted and there is a need to restart treatment with intravenous Vedolizumab (Entyvio), dosing at every 4 weeks may be considered (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions).
The treatment interruption period in clinical trials extended up to 1 year.
Efficacy was regained with no evident increase in adverse events or infusion-related reactions during retreatment with vedolizumab (see Adverse Reactions).
Paediatric population: The safety and efficacy of vedolizumab in children aged 0 to 17 years old have not been established. No data are available.
Elderly patients: No dose adjustment is required in elderly patients. Population pharmacokinetic analyses showed no effect of age (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions).
Patients with renal or hepatic impairment: Vedolizumab (Entyvio) has not been studied in these patient populations. No dose recommendations can be made.
Method of administration: Vedolizumab (Entyvio) 300 mg powder for concentrate for solution for infusion is for intravenous use only. It is to be reconstituted and further diluted prior to intravenous administration, for instructions see Special precautions for disposal and other handling under Cautions for Usage.
Vedolizumab (Entyvio) 300 mg powder for concentrate for solution for infusion is administered as an intravenous infusion over 30 minutes.
Patients should be monitored during and after infusion (see Precautions).
Overdosage
Doses up to 10 mg/kg (approximately 2.5 times the recommended dose) have been administered intravenously in clinical trials. No dose-limiting toxicity was seen in clinical trials.
Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in Description.
Active severe infections such as tuberculosis, sepsis, cytomegalovirus, listeriosis, and opportunistic infections such as Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) (see Precautions).
Active severe infections such as tuberculosis, sepsis, cytomegalovirus, listeriosis, and opportunistic infections such as Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) (see Precautions).
Special Precautions
Intravenous vedolizumab should be administered in a healthcare setting equipped to allow management of acute hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis, if they occur. Appropriate monitoring and medical support measures should be available for immediate use when administering intravenous vedolizumab. All patients should be observed continuously during each infusion. For the first 2 infusions, they should also be observed for approximately two hours following completion of the infusion for signs and symptoms of acute hypersensitivity reactions. For all subsequent infusions, patients should be observed for approximately one hour following completion of the infusion.
Traceability: In order to improve the traceability of biological medicinal products, the name and the batch number of the administered product should be clearly recorded.
Infusion-related reactions and hypersensitivity reactions: In clinical studies, infusion-related reactions (IRR) and hypersensitivity reactions have been reported, with the majority being mild to moderate in severity (see Adverse Reactions).
If a severe IRR, anaphylactic reaction, or other severe reaction occurs, administration of Vedolizumab (Entyvio) must be discontinued immediately and appropriate treatment initiated (e.g., epinephrine and antihistamines) (see Contraindications).
If a mild to moderate IRR occurs, the infusion rate can be slowed or interrupted and appropriate treatment initiated. Once the mild or moderate IRR subsides, continue the infusion.
Physicians should consider pre-treatment (e.g., with antihistamine, hydrocortisone and/or paracetamol) prior to the next infusion for patients with a history of mild to moderate IRR to vedolizumab, in order to minimize their risks (see Adverse Reactions).
Infections: Vedolizumab is a gut-selective integrin antagonist with no identified systemic immunosuppressive activity (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions).
Physicians should be aware of the potential increased risk of opportunistic infections or infections for which the gut is a defensive barrier (see Adverse Reactions). Vedolizumab (Entyvio) treatment is not to be initiated in patients with active, severe infections until the infections are controlled, and physicians should consider withholding treatment in patients who develop a severe infection while on chronic treatment with Vedolizumab (Entyvio).
Caution should be exercised when considering the use of vedolizumab in patients with a controlled chronic severe infection or a history of recurring severe infections.
Patients should be monitored closely for infections before, during and after treatment. Vedolizumab (Entyvio) is contraindicated in patients with active tuberculosis (see Contraindications). Before starting treatment with vedolizumab, patients must be screened for tuberculosis according to the local practice. If latent tuberculosis is diagnosed, appropriate treatment must be started with anti-tuberculosis treatment in accordance with local recommendations, before beginning vedolizumab.
In patients diagnosed with TB whilst receiving vedolizumab therapy, then vedolizumab therapy should be discontinued until the TB infection has been resolved.
Some integrin antagonists and some systemic immunosuppressive agents have been associated with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), which is a rare and often fatal opportunistic infection caused by the John Cunningham (JC) virus.
By binding to the α4β7 integrin expressed on gut-homing lymphocytes, vedolizumab exerts an immunosuppressive effect specific to the gut. Although no systemic immunosuppressive effect was noted in healthy subjects the effects on systemic immune system function in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease patients is not known.
Healthcare professionals should monitor patients on vedolizumab for any new onset or worsening of neurological signs and symptoms as outlined in physician education materials and consider neurological referral if they occur. The patient is to be given a Patient Alert Card (see Dosage & Administration). If PML is suspected, treatment with vedolizumab must be withheld; if confirmed, treatment must be permanently discontinued.
Malignancies: The risk of malignancy is increased in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Immunomodulatory medicinal products may increase the risk of malignancy (see Adverse Reactions).
Prior and concurrent use of biological products: No vedolizumab clinical trial data are available for patients previously treated with natalizumab or rituximab. Caution should be exercised when considering the use of Vedolizumab (Entyvio) in these patients.
Patients previously exposed to natalizumab should normally wait a minimum of 12 weeks prior to initiating therapy with Vedolizumab (Entyvio), unless otherwise indicated by the patient's clinical condition.
No clinical trial data for concomitant use of vedolizumab with biologic immunosuppressants are available. Therefore, the use of Vedolizumab (Entyvio) in such patients is not recommended.
Live and oral vaccines: In a placebo-controlled study of healthy volunteers, a single 750 mg dose of vedolizumab did not lower rates of protective immunity to hepatitis B virus in subjects who were vaccinated intramuscularly with 3 doses of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen. Vedolizumab-exposed subjects had lower seroconversion rates after receiving a killed, oral cholera vaccine. The impact on other oral and nasal vaccines is unknown.
It is recommended that all patients be brought up to date with all immunisations in agreement with current immunisation guidelines prior to initiating Vedolizumab (Entyvio) therapy.
Patients receiving vedolizumab treatment may continue to receive non-live vaccines. There are no data on the secondary transmission of infection by live vaccines in patients receiving vedolizumab. Administration of the influenza vaccine should be by injection in line with routine clinical practice. Other live vaccines may be administered concurrently with vedolizumab only if the benefits clearly outweigh the risks.
Induction of remission in Crohn's disease: Induction of remission in Crohn's disease may take up to 14 weeks in some patients.
The reasons for this are not fully known and are possibly related to the mechanism of action.
This should be taken into consideration, particularly in patients with severe active disease at baseline not previously treated with TNFα antagonists. (See also Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions.)
Exploratory subgroup analyses from the clinical trials in Crohn's disease suggested that vedolizumab administered in patients without concomitant corticosteroid treatment may be less effective for induction of remission in Crohn's disease than in those patients already receiving concomitant corticosteroids (regardless of use of concomitant immunomodulators; see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions).
Effects on ability to drive and use machines: Vedolizumab (Entyvio) may have a minor influence on the ability to drive or operate machines, as dizziness has been reported in a small number of patients.
Traceability: In order to improve the traceability of biological medicinal products, the name and the batch number of the administered product should be clearly recorded.
Infusion-related reactions and hypersensitivity reactions: In clinical studies, infusion-related reactions (IRR) and hypersensitivity reactions have been reported, with the majority being mild to moderate in severity (see Adverse Reactions).
If a severe IRR, anaphylactic reaction, or other severe reaction occurs, administration of Vedolizumab (Entyvio) must be discontinued immediately and appropriate treatment initiated (e.g., epinephrine and antihistamines) (see Contraindications).
If a mild to moderate IRR occurs, the infusion rate can be slowed or interrupted and appropriate treatment initiated. Once the mild or moderate IRR subsides, continue the infusion.
Physicians should consider pre-treatment (e.g., with antihistamine, hydrocortisone and/or paracetamol) prior to the next infusion for patients with a history of mild to moderate IRR to vedolizumab, in order to minimize their risks (see Adverse Reactions).
Infections: Vedolizumab is a gut-selective integrin antagonist with no identified systemic immunosuppressive activity (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions).
Physicians should be aware of the potential increased risk of opportunistic infections or infections for which the gut is a defensive barrier (see Adverse Reactions). Vedolizumab (Entyvio) treatment is not to be initiated in patients with active, severe infections until the infections are controlled, and physicians should consider withholding treatment in patients who develop a severe infection while on chronic treatment with Vedolizumab (Entyvio).
Caution should be exercised when considering the use of vedolizumab in patients with a controlled chronic severe infection or a history of recurring severe infections.
Patients should be monitored closely for infections before, during and after treatment. Vedolizumab (Entyvio) is contraindicated in patients with active tuberculosis (see Contraindications). Before starting treatment with vedolizumab, patients must be screened for tuberculosis according to the local practice. If latent tuberculosis is diagnosed, appropriate treatment must be started with anti-tuberculosis treatment in accordance with local recommendations, before beginning vedolizumab.
In patients diagnosed with TB whilst receiving vedolizumab therapy, then vedolizumab therapy should be discontinued until the TB infection has been resolved.
Some integrin antagonists and some systemic immunosuppressive agents have been associated with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), which is a rare and often fatal opportunistic infection caused by the John Cunningham (JC) virus.
By binding to the α4β7 integrin expressed on gut-homing lymphocytes, vedolizumab exerts an immunosuppressive effect specific to the gut. Although no systemic immunosuppressive effect was noted in healthy subjects the effects on systemic immune system function in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease patients is not known.
Healthcare professionals should monitor patients on vedolizumab for any new onset or worsening of neurological signs and symptoms as outlined in physician education materials and consider neurological referral if they occur. The patient is to be given a Patient Alert Card (see Dosage & Administration). If PML is suspected, treatment with vedolizumab must be withheld; if confirmed, treatment must be permanently discontinued.
Malignancies: The risk of malignancy is increased in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Immunomodulatory medicinal products may increase the risk of malignancy (see Adverse Reactions).
Prior and concurrent use of biological products: No vedolizumab clinical trial data are available for patients previously treated with natalizumab or rituximab. Caution should be exercised when considering the use of Vedolizumab (Entyvio) in these patients.
Patients previously exposed to natalizumab should normally wait a minimum of 12 weeks prior to initiating therapy with Vedolizumab (Entyvio), unless otherwise indicated by the patient's clinical condition.
No clinical trial data for concomitant use of vedolizumab with biologic immunosuppressants are available. Therefore, the use of Vedolizumab (Entyvio) in such patients is not recommended.
Live and oral vaccines: In a placebo-controlled study of healthy volunteers, a single 750 mg dose of vedolizumab did not lower rates of protective immunity to hepatitis B virus in subjects who were vaccinated intramuscularly with 3 doses of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen. Vedolizumab-exposed subjects had lower seroconversion rates after receiving a killed, oral cholera vaccine. The impact on other oral and nasal vaccines is unknown.
It is recommended that all patients be brought up to date with all immunisations in agreement with current immunisation guidelines prior to initiating Vedolizumab (Entyvio) therapy.
Patients receiving vedolizumab treatment may continue to receive non-live vaccines. There are no data on the secondary transmission of infection by live vaccines in patients receiving vedolizumab. Administration of the influenza vaccine should be by injection in line with routine clinical practice. Other live vaccines may be administered concurrently with vedolizumab only if the benefits clearly outweigh the risks.
Induction of remission in Crohn's disease: Induction of remission in Crohn's disease may take up to 14 weeks in some patients.
The reasons for this are not fully known and are possibly related to the mechanism of action.
This should be taken into consideration, particularly in patients with severe active disease at baseline not previously treated with TNFα antagonists. (See also Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions.)
Exploratory subgroup analyses from the clinical trials in Crohn's disease suggested that vedolizumab administered in patients without concomitant corticosteroid treatment may be less effective for induction of remission in Crohn's disease than in those patients already receiving concomitant corticosteroids (regardless of use of concomitant immunomodulators; see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions).
Effects on ability to drive and use machines: Vedolizumab (Entyvio) may have a minor influence on the ability to drive or operate machines, as dizziness has been reported in a small number of patients.
Use In Pregnancy & Lactation
Women of childbearing potential: Women of childbearing potential are strongly recommended to use adequate contraception to prevent pregnancy and to continue its use for at least 18 weeks after the last treatment with Vedolizumab (Entyvio).
Pregnancy: There are limited amount of data from the use of vedolizumab in pregnant women.
Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to reproductive toxicity (see Pharmacology: Toxicology: Preclinical safety data under Actions).
Vedolizumab (Entyvio) is to be used during pregnancy only if the benefits clearly outweigh any potential risk to both the mother and foetus.
Breast-feeding: Vedolizumab has been detected in human milk. The effect of vedolizumab on breast-fed infants and the effects on milk production are unknown. In a milk-only lactation study assessing the concentration of vedolizumab in breast milk of lactating women with active ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease receiving vedolizumab, the concentration of vedolizumab in human breast milk was approximately 0.4% to 2.2% of the maternal serum concentration obtained from historical studies of vedolizumab. The estimated average daily dose of vedolizumab ingested by the infant was 0.02 mg/kg/day, which is approximately 21% of the body weight-adjusted average maternal daily dose. The use of vedolizumab in lactating women should take into account the benefit of therapy to the mother and potential risks to the infant.
Fertility: There are no data on the effects of vedolizumab on human fertility. Effects on male and female fertility have not been formally evaluated in animal studies (see Pharmacology: Toxicology: Preclinical safety data under Actions).
Pregnancy: There are limited amount of data from the use of vedolizumab in pregnant women.
Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to reproductive toxicity (see Pharmacology: Toxicology: Preclinical safety data under Actions).
Vedolizumab (Entyvio) is to be used during pregnancy only if the benefits clearly outweigh any potential risk to both the mother and foetus.
Breast-feeding: Vedolizumab has been detected in human milk. The effect of vedolizumab on breast-fed infants and the effects on milk production are unknown. In a milk-only lactation study assessing the concentration of vedolizumab in breast milk of lactating women with active ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease receiving vedolizumab, the concentration of vedolizumab in human breast milk was approximately 0.4% to 2.2% of the maternal serum concentration obtained from historical studies of vedolizumab. The estimated average daily dose of vedolizumab ingested by the infant was 0.02 mg/kg/day, which is approximately 21% of the body weight-adjusted average maternal daily dose. The use of vedolizumab in lactating women should take into account the benefit of therapy to the mother and potential risks to the infant.
Fertility: There are no data on the effects of vedolizumab on human fertility. Effects on male and female fertility have not been formally evaluated in animal studies (see Pharmacology: Toxicology: Preclinical safety data under Actions).
Adverse Reactions
Summary of the safety profile: The most commonly reported adverse reactions are infections (such as nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infection, bronchitis, influenza and sinusitis), headache, nausea, pyrexia, fatigue, cough, arthralgia.
Infusion related reactions (with symptoms such as dyspnea, bronchospasm, urticaria, flushing, rash, and increased blood pressure and heart rate) have also been reported in patients treated with vedolizumab.
Vedolizumab has been studied in three placebo-controlled clinical trials in patients with ulcerative colitis (GEMINI I) or Crohn's disease (GEMINI II and III). In two controlled studies (GEMINI I and II) involving 1,434 patients receiving vedolizumab 300 mg at Week 0, Week 2 and then every eight weeks or every four weeks from Week 6 for up to 52 weeks, and 297 patients receiving placebo for up to 52 weeks, adverse events were reported in 84% of vedolizumab-treated patients and 78% of placebo-treated patients. Over 52 weeks, 19% of vedolizumab-treated patients experienced serious adverse events compared to 13% of placebo-treated patients. Similar rates of adverse events were seen in the every eight week and every four week dosing groups in the Phase 3 clinical trials.
The proportion of patients who discontinued treatment due to adverse events was 9% for vedolizumab-treated patients and 10% for placebo-treated patients. In the combined studies of GEMINI I and II the adverse reactions that occurred in ≥5% were nausea, nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infection, arthralgia, pyrexia, fatigue, headache, cough. Infusion-related reactions were reported in 4% of patients receiving vedolizumab.
In the shorter (10 week) placebo controlled induction trial, GEMINI III, the types of adverse reactions reported were similar but occurred at lower frequency than the longer 52 week trials.
A further 279 patients were treated with vedolizumab at Week 0 and Week 2 and then with placebo for up to 52 weeks. Of these patients, 84% experienced adverse events and 15% experienced serious adverse events.
Patients (n=1,822) previously enrolled in Phase 2 or 3 vedolizumab studies were eligible to enroll in an ongoing open-label study and received vedolizumab 300 mg every four weeks.
Tabulated list of adverse reactions: The following listing of adverse reactions is based on the clinical trial experience and are displayed by system organ class. Within the system organ classes, adverse reactions are listed under headings of the following frequency categories: very common (≥1/10), common (≥1/100 to <1/10) and uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100), very rare (< 1/10,000) and not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness. (See Table 5.)
Description of selected adverse reactions: Infusion-related reactions: In GEMINI 1 and 2 controlled studies, 4% of intravenous vedolizumab-treated patients and 3% of placebo-treated patients experienced an adverse event defined by the investigator as infusion-related reaction (IRR) (see Precautions). No individual Preferred Term reported as an IRR occurred at a rate above 1%.
The majority of IRRs were mild or moderate in intensity and <1% resulted in discontinuation of study treatment. Observed IRRs generally resolved with no or minimal intervention following the infusion. Most infusion related reactions occurred within the first 2 hours. Of those patients who had infusion related reactions, those dosed with intravenous vedolizumab had more infusion related reactions with in the first two hours as compared to placebo patients with infusion related reactions. Most infusion related reactions were not serious and occurred during the infusion or within the first hour after infusion is completed.
One serious adverse event of IRR was reported in a Crohn's disease patient during the second infusion (symptoms reported were dyspnoea, bronchospasm, urticaria, flushing, rash, and increased blood pressure and heart rate) and was successfully managed with discontinuation of infusion and treatment with antihistamine and intravenous hydrocortisone. In patients who received vedolizumab at Weeks 0 and 2 followed by placebo, no increase in the rate of IRR was seen upon retreatment with intravenous vedolizumab after loss of response.
Infections: In GEMINI 1 and 2 controlled studies, with intravenous vedolizumab, the rate of infections was 0.85 per patient-year in the vedolizumab-treated patients and 0.70 per patient-year in the placebo-treated patients.
The infections consisted primarily of nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infection, sinusitis, and urinary tract infections. Most patients continued on vedolizumab after the infection resolved.
In GEMINI 1 and 2 controlled studies with intravenous vedolizumab, the rate of serious infections was 0.07 per patient year in vedolizumab-treated patients and 0.06 per patient year in placebo-treated patients.
Over time, there was no significant increase in the rate of serious infections.
In controlled and open-label studies in adults with intravenous vedolizumab, serious infections have been reported, which include tuberculosis, sepsis (some fatal), salmonella sepsis, listeria meningitis, and cytomegaloviral colitis.
In clinical studies with intravenous vedolizumab, the rate of infections in vedolizumab treated patients with BMI of 30 kg/m2 and above was higher than for those with BMI less than 30 kg/m2.
In clinical studies with intravenous vedolizumab, a slightly higher incidence of serious infections was reported in vedolizumab treated patients who had prior exposure to TNFα antagonist therapy compared to patients who were naïve to previous TNFα antagonist therapy.
Malignancy: Overall, results from the clinical program to date do not suggest an increased risk for malignancy with vedolizumab treatment; however, the number of malignancies was small and long-term exposure was limited. Long-term safety evaluations are ongoing.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions: Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product.
Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions to the marketing authorization holder.
The patient must seek medical attention immediately at the first sign of any adverse drug reaction.
Infusion related reactions (with symptoms such as dyspnea, bronchospasm, urticaria, flushing, rash, and increased blood pressure and heart rate) have also been reported in patients treated with vedolizumab.
Vedolizumab has been studied in three placebo-controlled clinical trials in patients with ulcerative colitis (GEMINI I) or Crohn's disease (GEMINI II and III). In two controlled studies (GEMINI I and II) involving 1,434 patients receiving vedolizumab 300 mg at Week 0, Week 2 and then every eight weeks or every four weeks from Week 6 for up to 52 weeks, and 297 patients receiving placebo for up to 52 weeks, adverse events were reported in 84% of vedolizumab-treated patients and 78% of placebo-treated patients. Over 52 weeks, 19% of vedolizumab-treated patients experienced serious adverse events compared to 13% of placebo-treated patients. Similar rates of adverse events were seen in the every eight week and every four week dosing groups in the Phase 3 clinical trials.
The proportion of patients who discontinued treatment due to adverse events was 9% for vedolizumab-treated patients and 10% for placebo-treated patients. In the combined studies of GEMINI I and II the adverse reactions that occurred in ≥5% were nausea, nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infection, arthralgia, pyrexia, fatigue, headache, cough. Infusion-related reactions were reported in 4% of patients receiving vedolizumab.
In the shorter (10 week) placebo controlled induction trial, GEMINI III, the types of adverse reactions reported were similar but occurred at lower frequency than the longer 52 week trials.
A further 279 patients were treated with vedolizumab at Week 0 and Week 2 and then with placebo for up to 52 weeks. Of these patients, 84% experienced adverse events and 15% experienced serious adverse events.
Patients (n=1,822) previously enrolled in Phase 2 or 3 vedolizumab studies were eligible to enroll in an ongoing open-label study and received vedolizumab 300 mg every four weeks.
Tabulated list of adverse reactions: The following listing of adverse reactions is based on the clinical trial experience and are displayed by system organ class. Within the system organ classes, adverse reactions are listed under headings of the following frequency categories: very common (≥1/10), common (≥1/100 to <1/10) and uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100), very rare (< 1/10,000) and not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness. (See Table 5.)
Description of selected adverse reactions: Infusion-related reactions: In GEMINI 1 and 2 controlled studies, 4% of intravenous vedolizumab-treated patients and 3% of placebo-treated patients experienced an adverse event defined by the investigator as infusion-related reaction (IRR) (see Precautions). No individual Preferred Term reported as an IRR occurred at a rate above 1%.
The majority of IRRs were mild or moderate in intensity and <1% resulted in discontinuation of study treatment. Observed IRRs generally resolved with no or minimal intervention following the infusion. Most infusion related reactions occurred within the first 2 hours. Of those patients who had infusion related reactions, those dosed with intravenous vedolizumab had more infusion related reactions with in the first two hours as compared to placebo patients with infusion related reactions. Most infusion related reactions were not serious and occurred during the infusion or within the first hour after infusion is completed.
One serious adverse event of IRR was reported in a Crohn's disease patient during the second infusion (symptoms reported were dyspnoea, bronchospasm, urticaria, flushing, rash, and increased blood pressure and heart rate) and was successfully managed with discontinuation of infusion and treatment with antihistamine and intravenous hydrocortisone. In patients who received vedolizumab at Weeks 0 and 2 followed by placebo, no increase in the rate of IRR was seen upon retreatment with intravenous vedolizumab after loss of response.
Infections: In GEMINI 1 and 2 controlled studies, with intravenous vedolizumab, the rate of infections was 0.85 per patient-year in the vedolizumab-treated patients and 0.70 per patient-year in the placebo-treated patients.
The infections consisted primarily of nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infection, sinusitis, and urinary tract infections. Most patients continued on vedolizumab after the infection resolved.
In GEMINI 1 and 2 controlled studies with intravenous vedolizumab, the rate of serious infections was 0.07 per patient year in vedolizumab-treated patients and 0.06 per patient year in placebo-treated patients.
Over time, there was no significant increase in the rate of serious infections.
In controlled and open-label studies in adults with intravenous vedolizumab, serious infections have been reported, which include tuberculosis, sepsis (some fatal), salmonella sepsis, listeria meningitis, and cytomegaloviral colitis.
In clinical studies with intravenous vedolizumab, the rate of infections in vedolizumab treated patients with BMI of 30 kg/m2 and above was higher than for those with BMI less than 30 kg/m2.
In clinical studies with intravenous vedolizumab, a slightly higher incidence of serious infections was reported in vedolizumab treated patients who had prior exposure to TNFα antagonist therapy compared to patients who were naïve to previous TNFα antagonist therapy.
Malignancy: Overall, results from the clinical program to date do not suggest an increased risk for malignancy with vedolizumab treatment; however, the number of malignancies was small and long-term exposure was limited. Long-term safety evaluations are ongoing.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions: Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product.
Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions to the marketing authorization holder.
The patient must seek medical attention immediately at the first sign of any adverse drug reaction.
Drug Interactions
No interaction studies have been performed.
Vedolizumab has been studied in adult ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease patients with concomitant administration of corticosteroids, immunomodulators (azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, and methotrexate), and aminosalicylates. Population pharmacokinetic analyses suggest that co-administration of such agents did not have a clinically meaningful effect on vedolizumab pharmacokinetics. The effect of vedolizumab on the pharmacokinetics of commonly co-administered medicinal compounds has not been studied.
Vaccinations: Live vaccines, in particular live oral vaccines, should be used with caution concurrently with Vedolizumab (Entyvio) (see Precautions).
Vedolizumab has been studied in adult ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease patients with concomitant administration of corticosteroids, immunomodulators (azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, and methotrexate), and aminosalicylates. Population pharmacokinetic analyses suggest that co-administration of such agents did not have a clinically meaningful effect on vedolizumab pharmacokinetics. The effect of vedolizumab on the pharmacokinetics of commonly co-administered medicinal compounds has not been studied.
Vaccinations: Live vaccines, in particular live oral vaccines, should be used with caution concurrently with Vedolizumab (Entyvio) (see Precautions).
Caution For Usage
Incompatibilities: In the absence of compatibility studies, this medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products.
Special precautions for disposal and other handling: Instructions for reconstitution and infusion: 1. Use aseptic technique when preparing Vedolizumab (Entyvio) solution for intravenous infusion.
2. Remove flip-off cap from the vial and wipe with alcohol swab. Reconstitute vedolizumab with 4.8 mL of sterile water for injection at room temperature (20°C - 25°C), using a syringe with a 21-25 gauge needle.
3. Insert the needle into the vial through the centre of the stopper and direct the stream of liquid to the wall of the vial to avoid excessive foaming.
4. Gently swirl the vial for at least 15 seconds. Do not vigorously shake or invert.
5. Let the vial sit for up to 20 minutes at room temperature (20°C - 25°C), to allow for reconstitution and for any foam to settle; the vial can be swirled and inspected for dissolution during this time. If not fully dissolved after 20 minutes, allow another 10 minutes for dissolution.
6. Inspect the reconstituted solution visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to dilution. Solution should be clear or opalescent, colourless to light yellow and free of visible particulates. Reconstituted solution with uncharacteristic colour or containing particulates must not be administered.
7. Once dissolved, gently invert vial 3 times.
8. Immediately withdraw 5 mL (300 mg) of reconstituted Vedolizumab (Entyvio) using a syringe with a 21-25 gauge needle.
9. Add the 5 mL (300 mg) of reconstituted Vedolizumab (Entyvio) to 250 mL of sterile 0.9% sodium chloride solution, and gently mix the infusion bag (5 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride solution does not have to be withdrawn from the infusion bag prior to adding Vedolizumab (Entyvio)). Do not add other medicinal products to the prepared infusion solution or intravenous infusion set. Administer the infusion solution over 30 minutes (see Dosage & Administration).
Once reconstituted, the infusion solution should be used as soon as possible.
Do not store any unused portion of the reconstituted solution or infusion solution for reuse.
Each vial is for single-use only.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
Special precautions for disposal and other handling: Instructions for reconstitution and infusion: 1. Use aseptic technique when preparing Vedolizumab (Entyvio) solution for intravenous infusion.
2. Remove flip-off cap from the vial and wipe with alcohol swab. Reconstitute vedolizumab with 4.8 mL of sterile water for injection at room temperature (20°C - 25°C), using a syringe with a 21-25 gauge needle.
3. Insert the needle into the vial through the centre of the stopper and direct the stream of liquid to the wall of the vial to avoid excessive foaming.
4. Gently swirl the vial for at least 15 seconds. Do not vigorously shake or invert.
5. Let the vial sit for up to 20 minutes at room temperature (20°C - 25°C), to allow for reconstitution and for any foam to settle; the vial can be swirled and inspected for dissolution during this time. If not fully dissolved after 20 minutes, allow another 10 minutes for dissolution.
6. Inspect the reconstituted solution visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to dilution. Solution should be clear or opalescent, colourless to light yellow and free of visible particulates. Reconstituted solution with uncharacteristic colour or containing particulates must not be administered.
7. Once dissolved, gently invert vial 3 times.
8. Immediately withdraw 5 mL (300 mg) of reconstituted Vedolizumab (Entyvio) using a syringe with a 21-25 gauge needle.
9. Add the 5 mL (300 mg) of reconstituted Vedolizumab (Entyvio) to 250 mL of sterile 0.9% sodium chloride solution, and gently mix the infusion bag (5 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride solution does not have to be withdrawn from the infusion bag prior to adding Vedolizumab (Entyvio)). Do not add other medicinal products to the prepared infusion solution or intravenous infusion set. Administer the infusion solution over 30 minutes (see Dosage & Administration).
Once reconstituted, the infusion solution should be used as soon as possible.
Do not store any unused portion of the reconstituted solution or infusion solution for reuse.
Each vial is for single-use only.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
Storage
Store in a refrigerator (2°C-8°C). Keep the vial in the outer carton in order to protect from light.
For storage conditions after reconstitution and dilution of the medicinal product, see Shelf life as follows.
Shelf life: 3 years.
In-use stability of the reconstituted solution in the vial has been demonstrated for 8 hours at 2°C-8°C.
In-use stability of the diluted solution in 0.9% sodium chloride solution in infusion bag has been demonstrated for 12 hours at 20°C-25°C or 24 hours at 2°C-8°C.
The combined in-use stability of Entyvio in the vial and infusion bag with 0.9% sodium chloride is a total of 12 hours at 20°C-25°C or 24 hours at 2°C-8°C. A 24 hour period may include up to 8 hours at 2°C-8°C for reconstituted solution in the vial and up to 12 hours at 20°C-25°C for diluted solution in the infusion bag but the infusion bag must be stored in the refrigerator (2°C-8°C) for the rest of the 24 hour period.
Do not freeze the reconstituted solution in the vial or the diluted solution in the infusion bag. (See Table 6.)
For storage conditions after reconstitution and dilution of the medicinal product, see Shelf life as follows.
Shelf life: 3 years.
In-use stability of the reconstituted solution in the vial has been demonstrated for 8 hours at 2°C-8°C.
In-use stability of the diluted solution in 0.9% sodium chloride solution in infusion bag has been demonstrated for 12 hours at 20°C-25°C or 24 hours at 2°C-8°C.
The combined in-use stability of Entyvio in the vial and infusion bag with 0.9% sodium chloride is a total of 12 hours at 20°C-25°C or 24 hours at 2°C-8°C. A 24 hour period may include up to 8 hours at 2°C-8°C for reconstituted solution in the vial and up to 12 hours at 20°C-25°C for diluted solution in the infusion bag but the infusion bag must be stored in the refrigerator (2°C-8°C) for the rest of the 24 hour period.
Do not freeze the reconstituted solution in the vial or the diluted solution in the infusion bag. (See Table 6.)
Action
Pharmacotherapeutic group: immunosuppressants, selective immunosuppressants. ATC code: L04AA33.
Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Vedolizumab is a gut-selective immunosuppressive biologic. It is a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds specifically to the α4β7 integrin, which is preferentially expressed on gut homing T helper lymphocytes. By binding to α4β7 on certain lymphocytes, vedolizumab inhibits adhesion of these cells to mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1), but not to vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). MAdCAM-1 is mainly expressed on gut endothelial cells and plays a critical role in the homing of T lymphocytes to tissues within the gastrointestinal tract. Vedolizumab does not bind to, nor inhibit function of, the α4β1 and αEβ7 integrins.
The α4β7 integrin is expressed on a discrete subset of memory T helper lymphocytes which preferentially migrate into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and cause inflammation that is characteristic of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, both of which are chronic inflammatory immunologically mediated conditions of the GI tract. Vedolizumab reduces gastrointestinal inflammation in UC and CD patients. Inhibiting the interaction of α4β7 with MAdCAM-1 with vedolizumab prevents transmigration of gut-homing memory T helper lymphocytes across the vascular endothelium into parenchymal tissue in nonhuman primates and induced a reversible 3-fold elevation of these cells in peripheral blood.
The murine precursor of vedolizumab alleviated gastrointestinal inflammation in colitic cotton-top tamarins, a model of ulcerative colitis.
In healthy subjects, ulcerative colitis patients, or Crohn's disease patients, vedolizumab does not elevate neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, B-helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, total memory T helper lymphocytes, monocytes or natural killer cells, in the peripheral blood with no leukocytosis observed.
Vedolizumab did not affect immune surveillance and inflammation of the central nervous system in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in non-human primates, a model of multiple sclerosis. Vedolizumab did not affect immune responses to antigenic challenge in the dermis and muscle (see Precautions). In contrast, vedolizumab inhibited an immune response to a gastrointestinal antigenic challenge in healthy human volunteers (see Precautions).
Immunogenicity: Antibodies to vedolizumab may develop during vedolizumab treatment most of which are neutralising.
The formation of anti-vedolizumab antibodies is associated with increased clearance of vedolizumab and lower rates of clinical remission.
Infusion related reactions after vedolizumab infusion are reported in subjects with anti-vedolizumab antibodies.
Pharmacodynamic effects: In clinical trials with intravenous vedolizumab at doses ranging from 2 to 10 mg/kg, >95% saturation of α4β7 receptors on subsets of circulating lymphocytes involved in gut immune surveillance was observed in patients.
Vedolizumab did not affect CD4+ and CD8+ trafficking into the CNS as evidenced by the lack of change in the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ in cerebrospinal fluid pre and post-vedolizumab administration in healthy human volunteers. These data are consistent with investigations in nonhuman primates which did not detect effects on immune surveillance of the CNS.
Clinical efficacy and safety: Ulcerative Colitis: The efficacy and safety of intravenous vedolizumab for the treatment of adult patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis (Mayo score 6 to 12 with endoscopic sub score ≥2) was demonstrated in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating efficacy endpoints at Week 6 and Week 52 (GEMINI 1).
Enrolled patients had failed at least one conventional therapy, including corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and/or the TNFα antagonist infliximab (including primary non-responders).
Concomitant stable doses of oral aminosalicylates, corticosteroids and/or immunomodulators were permitted.
For the evaluation of the Week 6 endpoints, 374 patients were randomised in a double-blind fashion (3:2) to receive vedolizumab 300 mg or placebo at Week 0 and Week 2. Primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with clinical response (defined as reduction in complete Mayo score of ≥3 points and ≥30% from baseline with an accompanying decrease in rectal bleeding subscore of ≥1 point or absolute rectal bleeding subscore of ≤1 point) at Week 6. Table 1 shows the results from the primary and secondary endpoints evaluated. (See Table 1.)
The beneficial effect of vedolizumab on clinical response, remission and mucosal healing was observed both in patients with no prior TNFα antagonist exposure as well as in those who had failed prior TNFα antagonist therapy.
In GEMINI 1, 2 cohorts of patients received vedolizumab at Week 0 and Week 2: cohort 1 patients were randomised to receive either vedolizumab 300 mg or placebo in a double-blind fashion, and cohort 2 patients were treated with open-label vedolizumab 300 mg.
To evaluate efficacy at Week 52, 373 patients from cohort 1 and 2 who were treated with vedolizumab and had achieved clinical response at Week 6 were randomised in a double-blind fashion (1:1:1) to one of the following regimens beginning at Week 6: vedolizumab 300 mg every 8 weeks, vedolizumab 300 mg every 4 weeks, or placebo every 4 weeks.
Beginning at Week 6, patients who had achieved clinical response and were receiving corticosteroids were required to begin a corticosteroid-tapering regimen.
Primary endpoint was the proportion of patients in clinical remission at Week 52.
Table 2 shows the results from the primary and secondary endpoints evaluated. (See Table 2.)
Exploratory analyses provide additional data on key subpopulations studied.
Approximately one third of patients had failed prior TNFα antagonist therapy.
Among these patients, 37% receiving vedolizumab every 8 weeks, 35% receiving vedolizumab every 4 weeks, and 5% receiving placebo achieved clinical remission at Week 52.
Improvements in durable clinical response (47%, 43%, 16%), mucosal healing (42%, 48%, 8%), durable clinical remission (21%, 13%, 3%) and corticosteroid-free clinical remission (23%, 32%, 4%) were seen in the prior TNFα antagonist failure population treated with vedolizumab every 8 weeks, vedolizumab every 4 weeks and placebo, respectively.
Patients who failed to demonstrate response at Week 6 remained in the study and received vedolizumab every 4 weeks. Clinical response using partial Mayo scores was achieved at Week 10 and Week 14 by greater proportions of vedolizumab patients (32% and 39%, respectively) compared with placebo patients (15% and 21%, respectively).
Patients who lost response to vedolizumab when treated every 8 weeks were allowed to enter an open-label extension study and receive vedolizumab every 4 weeks.
In these patients, clinical remission was achieved in 25% of patients at Week 28 and Week 52.
Patients who achieved a clinical response after receiving vedolizumab at Week 0 and 2 and were then randomised to placebo (for 6 to 52 weeks) and lost response were allowed to enter the open-label extension study and receive vedolizumab every 4 weeks.
In these patients, clinical remission was achieved in 45% of patients by 28 weeks and 36% of patients by 52 weeks.
In this open-label extension study, the benefits of vedolizumab treatment as assessed by partial Mayo score, clinical remission, and clinical response were shown for up to 196 weeks.
Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) was assessed by Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ), a disease specific instrument, and SF-36 and EQ-5D, which are generic measures.
Exploratory analysis show clinically meaningful improvements were observed for vedolizumab groups, and the improvements were significantly greater as compared with the placebo group at Week 6 and Week 52 on EQ-5D and EQ-5D VAS scores, all subscales of IBDQ (bowel symptoms, systemic function, emotional function and social function), and all subscales of SF-36 including the Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS).
Crohn's Disease: The efficacy and safety of intravenous vedolizumab for the treatment of adult patients with moderately to severely active Crohn's Disease (Crohn's Disease Activity Index [CDAI] score of 220 to 450) were evaluated in 2 studies (GEMINI 2 and 3). Enrolled patients have failed at least one conventional therapy, including corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and/or TNFα antagonists (including primary non-responders). Concomitant stable doses of oral corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and antibiotics were permitted.
The GEMINI 2 Study was a randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating efficacy endpoints at Week 6 and Week 52. Patients (n=368) were randomised in a double-blind fashion (3:2) to receive 2 doses of vedolizumab 300 mg or placebo at Week 0 and Week 2. The 2 primary endpoints were the proportion of patients in clinical remission (defined as CDAI score ≤150 points) at Week 6 and the proportion of patients with enhanced clinical response (defined as a ≥100 point decrease in CDAI score from baseline) at Week 6 (see Table 3).
GEMINI 2 contained 2 cohorts of patients that received vedolizumab at Weeks 0 and 2: Cohort 1 patients were randomised to receive either vedolizumab 300 mg or placebo in a double-blind fashion, and Cohort 2 patients were treated with open-label vedolizumab 300 mg.
To evaluate efficacy at Week 52, 461 patients from Cohorts 1 and 2, who were treated with vedolizumab and had achieved clinical response (defined as a ≥70-point decrease in CDAI score from baseline) at Week 6, were randomised in a double-blind fashion (1:1:1) to one of the following regimens beginning at Week 6: vedolizumab 300 mg every 8 weeks, vedolizumab 300 mg every 4 weeks, or placebo every 4 weeks.
Patients showing clinical response at Week 6 were required to begin corticosteroid tapering. Primary endpoint was the proportion of patients in clinical remission at Week 52 (see Table 4).
The GEMINI 3 Study was a second randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study that evaluated efficacy at Week 6 and Week 10 in the subgroup of patients defined as having failed at least 1 conventional therapy and failed TNFα antagonist therapy (including primary non-responders) as well as the overall population, which also included patients who failed at least 1 conventional therapy and were naïve to TNFα antagonist therapy. Patients (n=416), which included approximately 75% TNFα antagonist failures patients, were randomised in a double-blind fashion (1:1) to receive either vedolizumab 300 mg or placebo at Weeks 0, 2, and 6.
The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients in clinical remission at Week 6 in the TNFα antagonist failure subpopulation. As noted in Table 3, although the primary endpoint was not met, exploratory analyses show that clinically meaningful results were observed. (See Tables 3 and 4.)
Exploratory analyses examined the effects of concomitant corticosteroids and immunomodulators on induction of remission with vedolizumab.
Combination treatment, most notably with concomitant corticosteroids, appeared to be more effective in inducing remission in Crohn's disease than vedolizumab alone or with concomitant immunomodulators, which showed a smaller difference from placebo in the rate of remission. Clinical remission rate in GEMINI 2 at Week 6 was 10% (difference from placebo 2%, 95% CI: -6, 10) when administered without corticosteroids compared to 20% (difference from placebo 14%, 95% CI: -1, 29) when administered with concomitant corticosteroids. In GEMINI 3 at Week 6 and 10 the respective clinical remission rates were 18% (difference from placebo 3%, 95% CI: -7, 13) and 22% (difference from placebo 8%, 95% CI: -3, 19) when administered without corticosteroids compared to 20% (difference from placebo 11%, 95% CI: 2, 20) and 35% (difference from placebo 23%, 95% CI: 12, 33) respectively when administered with concomitant corticosteroids. These effects were seen whether or not immunomodulators were also concomitantly administered.
Exploratory analyses provide additional data on key subpopulations studied. In GEMINI 2, approximately half of patients had previously failed TNFα antagonist therapy.
Among these patients, 28% receiving vedolizumab every 8 weeks, 27% receiving vedolizumab every 4 weeks, and 13% receiving placebo achieved clinical remission at Week 52.
Enhanced clinical response was achieved in 29%, 38%, 21%, respectively, and corticosteroid-free clinical remission was achieved in 24%, 16%, 0%, respectively.
Patients who failed to demonstrate response at Week 6 in GEMINI 2 were retained in the study and received vedolizumab every 4 weeks. Enhanced clinical response was observed at Week 10 and Week 14 for greater proportions of vedolizumab patients 16% and 22%, respectively, compared with placebo patients 7% and 12%, respectively. There was no clinically meaningful difference in clinical remission between treatment groups at these time points. Analyses of Week 52 clinical remission in patients who were non-responders at Week 6 but achieved response at Week 10 or Week 14 indicate that non-responder CD patients may benefit from a dose of vedolizumab at Week 10.
Patients who lost response to vedolizumab when treated every 8 weeks in GEMINI 2 were allowed to enter an open-label extension study and received vedolizumab every 4 weeks.
In these patients, clinical remission was achieved in 23% of patients at Week 28 and 32% of patients at Week 52.
Patients who achieved a clinical response after receiving vedolizumab at Week 0 and 2 and were then randomised to placebo (for 6 to 52 weeks) and lost response were allowed to enter the open-label extension study and receive vedolizumab every 4 weeks.
In these patients, clinical remission was achieved in 46% of patients by 28 weeks and 41% of patients by 52 weeks.
In this open-label extension study, clinical remission and clinical response were observed in patients for up to 196 weeks.
Exploratory analysis showed clinically meaningful improvements were observed for the vedolizumab every 4 weeks and every 8 weeks groups in GEMINI 2 and the improvements were significantly greater as compared with the placebo group from baseline to Week 52 on EQ-5D and EQ-5D VAS scores, total IBDQ score, and IBDQ subscales of bowel symptoms and systemic function.
Paediatric population: The European Medicines Agency has deferred the obligation to submit the results of studies with vedolizumab in one or more subsets of the paediatric population in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease (see Dosage & Administration).
Pharmacokinetics: The single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of vedolizumab have been studied in healthy subjects and in patients with moderate to severely active ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease.
In patients administered 300 mg vedolizumab as a 30 minute intravenous infusion on Weeks 0 and 2, mean serum trough concentrations at Week 6 were 27.9 mcg/mL (SD ± 15.51) in ulcerative colitis and 26.8 mcg/mL (SD ± 17.45) in Crohn's disease. In studies with intravenous vedolizumab starting at Week 6, patients received 300 mg intravenous vedolizumab every 8 or 4 weeks.
In patients with ulcerative colitis, mean steady-state serum trough concentrations were 11.2 mcg/mL (SD ± 7.24) and 38.3 mcg/mL (SD ± 24.43), respectively. In patients with Crohn's disease mean steady-state serum trough concentrations were 13.0 mcg/mL (SD ± 9.08) and 34.8 mcg/mL (SD ± 22.55), respectively.
Distribution: Population pharmacokinetic analyses indicate that the distribution volume of vedolizumab is approximately 5 litres. The plasma protein binding of vedolizumab has not been evaluated.
Vedolizumab is a therapeutic monoclonal antibody and is not expected to bind to plasma proteins.
Vedolizumab does not pass the blood brain barrier after intravenous administration.
Vedolizumab 450 mg administered intravenously was not detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of healthy subjects.
Elimination: Population pharmacokinetic analyses based on intravenous and subcutaneous data indicate that the clearance of vedolizumab is of approximately 0.162 L/day (through linear elimination pathway) and the serum half-life is 26 days. The exact elimination route of vedolizumab is not known. Population pharmacokinetic analyses suggest that while low albumin, higher body weight and, prior treatment with anti-TNF drugs may increase vedolizumab clearance, the magnitude of their effects is not considered to be clinically relevant.
Linearity: Vedolizumab exhibited linear pharmacokinetics at serum concentrations greater than 1 mcg/mL.
Special populations: Age does not impact the vedolizumab clearance in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease patients based on the population pharmacokinetic analyses. No formal studies have been conducted to examine the effects of either renal or hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of vedolizumab.
Toxicology: Preclinical safety data: Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeated dose toxicity, as well as reproductive and development toxicology studies.
Long-term animal studies with vedolizumab to assess its carcinogenic potential have not been conducted because pharmacologically responsive models to monoclonal antibodies do not exist.
In a pharmacologically responsive species (cynomolgus monkeys), there was no evidence of cellular hyperplasia or systemic immunomodulation that could potentially be associated with oncogenesis in 13- and 26-week toxicology studies. Furthermore, no effects were found of vedolizumab on the proliferative rate or cytotoxicity of a human tumour cell line expressing the α4β7 integrin in vitro.
No specific fertility studies in animals have been performed with vedolizumab.
No definitive conclusion can be drawn on the male reproductive organs in cynomolgus monkey repeated dose toxicity study, but given the lack of binding of vedolizumab to male reproductive tissue in monkey and human, and the intact male fertility observed in β7 integrin-knockout mice, it is not expected that vedolizumab will affect male fertility.
Administration of vedolizumab to pregnant cynomolgus monkeys during most of gestation resulted in no evidence of effects on teratogenicity, prenatal or postnatal development in infants up to 6 months of age. Low levels (<300 mcg/L) of vedolizumab were detected on post-partum Day 28 in the milk of 3 of 11 cynomolgus monkeys treated 100 mg/kg of vedolizumab dosed every 2 weeks and not in any animals that received 10 mg/kg.
Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Vedolizumab is a gut-selective immunosuppressive biologic. It is a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds specifically to the α4β7 integrin, which is preferentially expressed on gut homing T helper lymphocytes. By binding to α4β7 on certain lymphocytes, vedolizumab inhibits adhesion of these cells to mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1), but not to vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). MAdCAM-1 is mainly expressed on gut endothelial cells and plays a critical role in the homing of T lymphocytes to tissues within the gastrointestinal tract. Vedolizumab does not bind to, nor inhibit function of, the α4β1 and αEβ7 integrins.
The α4β7 integrin is expressed on a discrete subset of memory T helper lymphocytes which preferentially migrate into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and cause inflammation that is characteristic of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, both of which are chronic inflammatory immunologically mediated conditions of the GI tract. Vedolizumab reduces gastrointestinal inflammation in UC and CD patients. Inhibiting the interaction of α4β7 with MAdCAM-1 with vedolizumab prevents transmigration of gut-homing memory T helper lymphocytes across the vascular endothelium into parenchymal tissue in nonhuman primates and induced a reversible 3-fold elevation of these cells in peripheral blood.
The murine precursor of vedolizumab alleviated gastrointestinal inflammation in colitic cotton-top tamarins, a model of ulcerative colitis.
In healthy subjects, ulcerative colitis patients, or Crohn's disease patients, vedolizumab does not elevate neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, B-helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, total memory T helper lymphocytes, monocytes or natural killer cells, in the peripheral blood with no leukocytosis observed.
Vedolizumab did not affect immune surveillance and inflammation of the central nervous system in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in non-human primates, a model of multiple sclerosis. Vedolizumab did not affect immune responses to antigenic challenge in the dermis and muscle (see Precautions). In contrast, vedolizumab inhibited an immune response to a gastrointestinal antigenic challenge in healthy human volunteers (see Precautions).
Immunogenicity: Antibodies to vedolizumab may develop during vedolizumab treatment most of which are neutralising.
The formation of anti-vedolizumab antibodies is associated with increased clearance of vedolizumab and lower rates of clinical remission.
Infusion related reactions after vedolizumab infusion are reported in subjects with anti-vedolizumab antibodies.
Pharmacodynamic effects: In clinical trials with intravenous vedolizumab at doses ranging from 2 to 10 mg/kg, >95% saturation of α4β7 receptors on subsets of circulating lymphocytes involved in gut immune surveillance was observed in patients.
Vedolizumab did not affect CD4+ and CD8+ trafficking into the CNS as evidenced by the lack of change in the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ in cerebrospinal fluid pre and post-vedolizumab administration in healthy human volunteers. These data are consistent with investigations in nonhuman primates which did not detect effects on immune surveillance of the CNS.
Clinical efficacy and safety: Ulcerative Colitis: The efficacy and safety of intravenous vedolizumab for the treatment of adult patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis (Mayo score 6 to 12 with endoscopic sub score ≥2) was demonstrated in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating efficacy endpoints at Week 6 and Week 52 (GEMINI 1).
Enrolled patients had failed at least one conventional therapy, including corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and/or the TNFα antagonist infliximab (including primary non-responders).
Concomitant stable doses of oral aminosalicylates, corticosteroids and/or immunomodulators were permitted.
For the evaluation of the Week 6 endpoints, 374 patients were randomised in a double-blind fashion (3:2) to receive vedolizumab 300 mg or placebo at Week 0 and Week 2. Primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with clinical response (defined as reduction in complete Mayo score of ≥3 points and ≥30% from baseline with an accompanying decrease in rectal bleeding subscore of ≥1 point or absolute rectal bleeding subscore of ≤1 point) at Week 6. Table 1 shows the results from the primary and secondary endpoints evaluated. (See Table 1.)
The beneficial effect of vedolizumab on clinical response, remission and mucosal healing was observed both in patients with no prior TNFα antagonist exposure as well as in those who had failed prior TNFα antagonist therapy.
In GEMINI 1, 2 cohorts of patients received vedolizumab at Week 0 and Week 2: cohort 1 patients were randomised to receive either vedolizumab 300 mg or placebo in a double-blind fashion, and cohort 2 patients were treated with open-label vedolizumab 300 mg.
To evaluate efficacy at Week 52, 373 patients from cohort 1 and 2 who were treated with vedolizumab and had achieved clinical response at Week 6 were randomised in a double-blind fashion (1:1:1) to one of the following regimens beginning at Week 6: vedolizumab 300 mg every 8 weeks, vedolizumab 300 mg every 4 weeks, or placebo every 4 weeks.
Beginning at Week 6, patients who had achieved clinical response and were receiving corticosteroids were required to begin a corticosteroid-tapering regimen.
Primary endpoint was the proportion of patients in clinical remission at Week 52.
Table 2 shows the results from the primary and secondary endpoints evaluated. (See Table 2.)
Exploratory analyses provide additional data on key subpopulations studied.
Approximately one third of patients had failed prior TNFα antagonist therapy.
Among these patients, 37% receiving vedolizumab every 8 weeks, 35% receiving vedolizumab every 4 weeks, and 5% receiving placebo achieved clinical remission at Week 52.
Improvements in durable clinical response (47%, 43%, 16%), mucosal healing (42%, 48%, 8%), durable clinical remission (21%, 13%, 3%) and corticosteroid-free clinical remission (23%, 32%, 4%) were seen in the prior TNFα antagonist failure population treated with vedolizumab every 8 weeks, vedolizumab every 4 weeks and placebo, respectively.
Patients who failed to demonstrate response at Week 6 remained in the study and received vedolizumab every 4 weeks. Clinical response using partial Mayo scores was achieved at Week 10 and Week 14 by greater proportions of vedolizumab patients (32% and 39%, respectively) compared with placebo patients (15% and 21%, respectively).
Patients who lost response to vedolizumab when treated every 8 weeks were allowed to enter an open-label extension study and receive vedolizumab every 4 weeks.
In these patients, clinical remission was achieved in 25% of patients at Week 28 and Week 52.
Patients who achieved a clinical response after receiving vedolizumab at Week 0 and 2 and were then randomised to placebo (for 6 to 52 weeks) and lost response were allowed to enter the open-label extension study and receive vedolizumab every 4 weeks.
In these patients, clinical remission was achieved in 45% of patients by 28 weeks and 36% of patients by 52 weeks.
In this open-label extension study, the benefits of vedolizumab treatment as assessed by partial Mayo score, clinical remission, and clinical response were shown for up to 196 weeks.
Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) was assessed by Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ), a disease specific instrument, and SF-36 and EQ-5D, which are generic measures.
Exploratory analysis show clinically meaningful improvements were observed for vedolizumab groups, and the improvements were significantly greater as compared with the placebo group at Week 6 and Week 52 on EQ-5D and EQ-5D VAS scores, all subscales of IBDQ (bowel symptoms, systemic function, emotional function and social function), and all subscales of SF-36 including the Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS).
Crohn's Disease: The efficacy and safety of intravenous vedolizumab for the treatment of adult patients with moderately to severely active Crohn's Disease (Crohn's Disease Activity Index [CDAI] score of 220 to 450) were evaluated in 2 studies (GEMINI 2 and 3). Enrolled patients have failed at least one conventional therapy, including corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and/or TNFα antagonists (including primary non-responders). Concomitant stable doses of oral corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and antibiotics were permitted.
The GEMINI 2 Study was a randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating efficacy endpoints at Week 6 and Week 52. Patients (n=368) were randomised in a double-blind fashion (3:2) to receive 2 doses of vedolizumab 300 mg or placebo at Week 0 and Week 2. The 2 primary endpoints were the proportion of patients in clinical remission (defined as CDAI score ≤150 points) at Week 6 and the proportion of patients with enhanced clinical response (defined as a ≥100 point decrease in CDAI score from baseline) at Week 6 (see Table 3).
GEMINI 2 contained 2 cohorts of patients that received vedolizumab at Weeks 0 and 2: Cohort 1 patients were randomised to receive either vedolizumab 300 mg or placebo in a double-blind fashion, and Cohort 2 patients were treated with open-label vedolizumab 300 mg.
To evaluate efficacy at Week 52, 461 patients from Cohorts 1 and 2, who were treated with vedolizumab and had achieved clinical response (defined as a ≥70-point decrease in CDAI score from baseline) at Week 6, were randomised in a double-blind fashion (1:1:1) to one of the following regimens beginning at Week 6: vedolizumab 300 mg every 8 weeks, vedolizumab 300 mg every 4 weeks, or placebo every 4 weeks.
Patients showing clinical response at Week 6 were required to begin corticosteroid tapering. Primary endpoint was the proportion of patients in clinical remission at Week 52 (see Table 4).
The GEMINI 3 Study was a second randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study that evaluated efficacy at Week 6 and Week 10 in the subgroup of patients defined as having failed at least 1 conventional therapy and failed TNFα antagonist therapy (including primary non-responders) as well as the overall population, which also included patients who failed at least 1 conventional therapy and were naïve to TNFα antagonist therapy. Patients (n=416), which included approximately 75% TNFα antagonist failures patients, were randomised in a double-blind fashion (1:1) to receive either vedolizumab 300 mg or placebo at Weeks 0, 2, and 6.
The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients in clinical remission at Week 6 in the TNFα antagonist failure subpopulation. As noted in Table 3, although the primary endpoint was not met, exploratory analyses show that clinically meaningful results were observed. (See Tables 3 and 4.)
Exploratory analyses examined the effects of concomitant corticosteroids and immunomodulators on induction of remission with vedolizumab.
Combination treatment, most notably with concomitant corticosteroids, appeared to be more effective in inducing remission in Crohn's disease than vedolizumab alone or with concomitant immunomodulators, which showed a smaller difference from placebo in the rate of remission. Clinical remission rate in GEMINI 2 at Week 6 was 10% (difference from placebo 2%, 95% CI: -6, 10) when administered without corticosteroids compared to 20% (difference from placebo 14%, 95% CI: -1, 29) when administered with concomitant corticosteroids. In GEMINI 3 at Week 6 and 10 the respective clinical remission rates were 18% (difference from placebo 3%, 95% CI: -7, 13) and 22% (difference from placebo 8%, 95% CI: -3, 19) when administered without corticosteroids compared to 20% (difference from placebo 11%, 95% CI: 2, 20) and 35% (difference from placebo 23%, 95% CI: 12, 33) respectively when administered with concomitant corticosteroids. These effects were seen whether or not immunomodulators were also concomitantly administered.
Exploratory analyses provide additional data on key subpopulations studied. In GEMINI 2, approximately half of patients had previously failed TNFα antagonist therapy.
Among these patients, 28% receiving vedolizumab every 8 weeks, 27% receiving vedolizumab every 4 weeks, and 13% receiving placebo achieved clinical remission at Week 52.
Enhanced clinical response was achieved in 29%, 38%, 21%, respectively, and corticosteroid-free clinical remission was achieved in 24%, 16%, 0%, respectively.
Patients who failed to demonstrate response at Week 6 in GEMINI 2 were retained in the study and received vedolizumab every 4 weeks. Enhanced clinical response was observed at Week 10 and Week 14 for greater proportions of vedolizumab patients 16% and 22%, respectively, compared with placebo patients 7% and 12%, respectively. There was no clinically meaningful difference in clinical remission between treatment groups at these time points. Analyses of Week 52 clinical remission in patients who were non-responders at Week 6 but achieved response at Week 10 or Week 14 indicate that non-responder CD patients may benefit from a dose of vedolizumab at Week 10.
Patients who lost response to vedolizumab when treated every 8 weeks in GEMINI 2 were allowed to enter an open-label extension study and received vedolizumab every 4 weeks.
In these patients, clinical remission was achieved in 23% of patients at Week 28 and 32% of patients at Week 52.
Patients who achieved a clinical response after receiving vedolizumab at Week 0 and 2 and were then randomised to placebo (for 6 to 52 weeks) and lost response were allowed to enter the open-label extension study and receive vedolizumab every 4 weeks.
In these patients, clinical remission was achieved in 46% of patients by 28 weeks and 41% of patients by 52 weeks.
In this open-label extension study, clinical remission and clinical response were observed in patients for up to 196 weeks.
Exploratory analysis showed clinically meaningful improvements were observed for the vedolizumab every 4 weeks and every 8 weeks groups in GEMINI 2 and the improvements were significantly greater as compared with the placebo group from baseline to Week 52 on EQ-5D and EQ-5D VAS scores, total IBDQ score, and IBDQ subscales of bowel symptoms and systemic function.
Paediatric population: The European Medicines Agency has deferred the obligation to submit the results of studies with vedolizumab in one or more subsets of the paediatric population in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease (see Dosage & Administration).
Pharmacokinetics: The single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of vedolizumab have been studied in healthy subjects and in patients with moderate to severely active ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease.
In patients administered 300 mg vedolizumab as a 30 minute intravenous infusion on Weeks 0 and 2, mean serum trough concentrations at Week 6 were 27.9 mcg/mL (SD ± 15.51) in ulcerative colitis and 26.8 mcg/mL (SD ± 17.45) in Crohn's disease. In studies with intravenous vedolizumab starting at Week 6, patients received 300 mg intravenous vedolizumab every 8 or 4 weeks.
In patients with ulcerative colitis, mean steady-state serum trough concentrations were 11.2 mcg/mL (SD ± 7.24) and 38.3 mcg/mL (SD ± 24.43), respectively. In patients with Crohn's disease mean steady-state serum trough concentrations were 13.0 mcg/mL (SD ± 9.08) and 34.8 mcg/mL (SD ± 22.55), respectively.
Distribution: Population pharmacokinetic analyses indicate that the distribution volume of vedolizumab is approximately 5 litres. The plasma protein binding of vedolizumab has not been evaluated.
Vedolizumab is a therapeutic monoclonal antibody and is not expected to bind to plasma proteins.
Vedolizumab does not pass the blood brain barrier after intravenous administration.
Vedolizumab 450 mg administered intravenously was not detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of healthy subjects.
Elimination: Population pharmacokinetic analyses based on intravenous and subcutaneous data indicate that the clearance of vedolizumab is of approximately 0.162 L/day (through linear elimination pathway) and the serum half-life is 26 days. The exact elimination route of vedolizumab is not known. Population pharmacokinetic analyses suggest that while low albumin, higher body weight and, prior treatment with anti-TNF drugs may increase vedolizumab clearance, the magnitude of their effects is not considered to be clinically relevant.
Linearity: Vedolizumab exhibited linear pharmacokinetics at serum concentrations greater than 1 mcg/mL.
Special populations: Age does not impact the vedolizumab clearance in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease patients based on the population pharmacokinetic analyses. No formal studies have been conducted to examine the effects of either renal or hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of vedolizumab.
Toxicology: Preclinical safety data: Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeated dose toxicity, as well as reproductive and development toxicology studies.
Long-term animal studies with vedolizumab to assess its carcinogenic potential have not been conducted because pharmacologically responsive models to monoclonal antibodies do not exist.
In a pharmacologically responsive species (cynomolgus monkeys), there was no evidence of cellular hyperplasia or systemic immunomodulation that could potentially be associated with oncogenesis in 13- and 26-week toxicology studies. Furthermore, no effects were found of vedolizumab on the proliferative rate or cytotoxicity of a human tumour cell line expressing the α4β7 integrin in vitro.
No specific fertility studies in animals have been performed with vedolizumab.
No definitive conclusion can be drawn on the male reproductive organs in cynomolgus monkey repeated dose toxicity study, but given the lack of binding of vedolizumab to male reproductive tissue in monkey and human, and the intact male fertility observed in β7 integrin-knockout mice, it is not expected that vedolizumab will affect male fertility.
Administration of vedolizumab to pregnant cynomolgus monkeys during most of gestation resulted in no evidence of effects on teratogenicity, prenatal or postnatal development in infants up to 6 months of age. Low levels (<300 mcg/L) of vedolizumab were detected on post-partum Day 28 in the milk of 3 of 11 cynomolgus monkeys treated 100 mg/kg of vedolizumab dosed every 2 weeks and not in any animals that received 10 mg/kg.
MedsGo Class
GIT Regulators, Antiflatulents & Anti-Inflammatories
Features
Brand
Entyvio
Full Details
Dosage Strength
300 mg
Drug Ingredients
- Vedolizumab
Drug Packaging
Powder for Infusion (I.V.) 1's
Generic Name
Vedolizumab
Dosage Form
Powder For Infusion (I.V.)
Registration Number
BR-1207
Drug Classification
Prescription Drug (RX)