DILANTIN Phenytoin Sodium 100mg Capsule 1's
RXDRUG-DRP-2038-1pc
Discreet Packaging
FDA-registered Products
FDA-licensed Pharmacies
Indications/Uses
Phenytoin is indicated for the control of generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal) and complex partial (psychomotor, temporal lobe) seizures and for the prevention and treatment of seizures occurring during or following neurosurgery.
Dosage/Direction for Use
General: Phenytoin capsules and solution for injection are formulated with the sodium salt of phenytoin. The free acid form of phenytoin is used in the phenytoin suspensions (30 mg/5 mL [pediatric] and 125 mg/5 mL). Because there is approximately an 8% increase in drug content with the free acid form over that of the sodium salt, dosage adjustments and serum level monitoring may be necessary when switching from a product formulated with the free acid to a product formulated with the sodium salt and vice versa.
For all oral formulations, dosage should be individualized to provide maximum benefit. In some cases, serum drug level determinations may be necessary for optimal dosage adjustments. Optimum control without clinical signs of toxicity occurs more often with serum levels between 10 mcg/mL and 20 mcg/mL, although some mild cases of tonic-clonic (grand mal) epilepsy may be controlled with lower serum levels of phenytoin. With recommended dosage, a period of 7 to 10 days may be required to achieve steady-state serum levels with phenytoin, and changes in dosage (increase or decrease) should not be carried out at intervals shorter than 7 to 10 days.
Phenytoin oral suspension is not for parenteral use.
Adult Dosage for Seizures: Divided daily dosage: For oral capsules, patients who have received no previous treatment may be started on 300 mg daily, to be taken in three equally divided doses, and the dosage then adjusted to suit individual requirements. For most adults, the satisfactory maintenance dosage will be 300 mg to 400 mg daily, to be taken in three to four equally divided doses, respectively. An increase up to 600 mg daily may be made if necessary.
For the oral suspension, patients who have received no previous treatment may be started on 125 mg (5 mL) of the 125 mg/5 mL suspension three times daily, and the dosage then adjusted to suit individual requirements. An increase to 625 mg (25 mL) daily may be made if necessary.
Non-emergency oral loading dose in adult patients: An oral loading dose of phenytoin may be used for non-emergency initiation of therapy in adults who require rapid steady-state serum levels, and for whom intravenous administration is not desirable. This dosing regimen should be reserved for patients in a clinic or hospital setting where phenytoin serum levels can be closely monitored. Patients with a history of renal or liver disease should not receive the oral loading dose regimen.
The recommended oral loading dose is 1 g of phenytoin divided into three doses (400 mg, 300 mg, and 300 mg) and administered at 2-hour intervals. Normal maintenance dosage is then instituted 24 hours after the loading dose, with frequent serum level determinations.
Pediatric Dosage for Seizures: For oral capsules, initially 5 mg/kg/day in two or three equally divided doses, with subsequent dosage individualized to a maximum of 300 mg daily. A recommended daily maintenance dosage is usually 4 mg/kg to 8 mg/kg. Children over 6 years and adolescents may require the minimum adult dose (300 mg/day). If the daily dosage cannot be divided equally, the larger dose should be given at bedtime.
For the oral suspension, initially 5 mg/kg/day in two or three equally divided doses with subsequent dosage individualized to a maximum of 300 mg daily. A recommended daily maintenance dosage is usually 4 mg/kg to 8 mg/kg. Children over 6 years and adolescents may require the minimum adult dose (300 mg/day).
Dosing in Special Populations: Patients with Renal or Hepatic Disease: see Precautions.
Elderly Patients: Phenytoin clearance is decreased slightly in elderly patients and lower or less frequent dosing may be required (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics: Special Populations: Age under Actions).
For all oral formulations, dosage should be individualized to provide maximum benefit. In some cases, serum drug level determinations may be necessary for optimal dosage adjustments. Optimum control without clinical signs of toxicity occurs more often with serum levels between 10 mcg/mL and 20 mcg/mL, although some mild cases of tonic-clonic (grand mal) epilepsy may be controlled with lower serum levels of phenytoin. With recommended dosage, a period of 7 to 10 days may be required to achieve steady-state serum levels with phenytoin, and changes in dosage (increase or decrease) should not be carried out at intervals shorter than 7 to 10 days.
Phenytoin oral suspension is not for parenteral use.
Adult Dosage for Seizures: Divided daily dosage: For oral capsules, patients who have received no previous treatment may be started on 300 mg daily, to be taken in three equally divided doses, and the dosage then adjusted to suit individual requirements. For most adults, the satisfactory maintenance dosage will be 300 mg to 400 mg daily, to be taken in three to four equally divided doses, respectively. An increase up to 600 mg daily may be made if necessary.
For the oral suspension, patients who have received no previous treatment may be started on 125 mg (5 mL) of the 125 mg/5 mL suspension three times daily, and the dosage then adjusted to suit individual requirements. An increase to 625 mg (25 mL) daily may be made if necessary.
Non-emergency oral loading dose in adult patients: An oral loading dose of phenytoin may be used for non-emergency initiation of therapy in adults who require rapid steady-state serum levels, and for whom intravenous administration is not desirable. This dosing regimen should be reserved for patients in a clinic or hospital setting where phenytoin serum levels can be closely monitored. Patients with a history of renal or liver disease should not receive the oral loading dose regimen.
The recommended oral loading dose is 1 g of phenytoin divided into three doses (400 mg, 300 mg, and 300 mg) and administered at 2-hour intervals. Normal maintenance dosage is then instituted 24 hours after the loading dose, with frequent serum level determinations.
Pediatric Dosage for Seizures: For oral capsules, initially 5 mg/kg/day in two or three equally divided doses, with subsequent dosage individualized to a maximum of 300 mg daily. A recommended daily maintenance dosage is usually 4 mg/kg to 8 mg/kg. Children over 6 years and adolescents may require the minimum adult dose (300 mg/day). If the daily dosage cannot be divided equally, the larger dose should be given at bedtime.
For the oral suspension, initially 5 mg/kg/day in two or three equally divided doses with subsequent dosage individualized to a maximum of 300 mg daily. A recommended daily maintenance dosage is usually 4 mg/kg to 8 mg/kg. Children over 6 years and adolescents may require the minimum adult dose (300 mg/day).
Dosing in Special Populations: Patients with Renal or Hepatic Disease: see Precautions.
Elderly Patients: Phenytoin clearance is decreased slightly in elderly patients and lower or less frequent dosing may be required (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics: Special Populations: Age under Actions).
Overdosage
Overdose: The lethal dose in pediatric patients is not known. The lethal dose in adults is estimated to be 2 g to 5 g. The initial symptoms are nystagmus, ataxia, and dysarthria. Other signs are tremor, hyperreflexia, somnolence, drowsiness, lethargy, slurred speech, blurred vision, nausea, and vomiting. The patient may become comatose and hypotensive. Bradycardia and asystole/cardiac arrest have been reported (see Cardiac Effects under Precautions). Death is due to respiratory and circulatory depression.
There are marked variations among individuals with respect to phenytoin serum levels where toxicity may occur. Nystagmus on lateral gaze usually appears at 20 mcg/mL and ataxia at 30 mcg/mL. Dysarthria and lethargy appear when the serum concentration is >40 mcg/mL, but a concentration as high as 50 mcg/mL has been reported without evidence of toxicity. As much as 25 times the therapeutic dose has been taken to result in a serum concentration >100 mcg/mL with complete recovery. Irreversible cerebellar dysfunction and atrophy have been reported.
Treatment: Treatment is non-specific since there is no known antidote.
The adequacy of the respiratory and circulatory systems should be carefully observed and appropriate supportive measures employed. Hemodialysis can be considered since phenytoin is not completely bound to plasma proteins. Total exchange transfusion has been used in the treatment of severe intoxication in pediatric patients.
In acute overdosage the possibility of the presence of other CNS depressants, including alcohol, should be borne in mind.
There are marked variations among individuals with respect to phenytoin serum levels where toxicity may occur. Nystagmus on lateral gaze usually appears at 20 mcg/mL and ataxia at 30 mcg/mL. Dysarthria and lethargy appear when the serum concentration is >40 mcg/mL, but a concentration as high as 50 mcg/mL has been reported without evidence of toxicity. As much as 25 times the therapeutic dose has been taken to result in a serum concentration >100 mcg/mL with complete recovery. Irreversible cerebellar dysfunction and atrophy have been reported.
Treatment: Treatment is non-specific since there is no known antidote.
The adequacy of the respiratory and circulatory systems should be carefully observed and appropriate supportive measures employed. Hemodialysis can be considered since phenytoin is not completely bound to plasma proteins. Total exchange transfusion has been used in the treatment of severe intoxication in pediatric patients.
In acute overdosage the possibility of the presence of other CNS depressants, including alcohol, should be borne in mind.
Administration
Should be taken with food: Swallow whole, do not open/chew/crush. For patients on nasogastric or other enteral feeds, do not administer feeds 2 hr before or after a dose. Be consistent throughout therapy in relation to feed times.
Contraindications
Phenytoin is contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to phenytoin, other hydantoins or to any of the excipients such as lactose, confectioners sugar, talc purified, magnesium stearate, gelatin, titanium dioxide, erythrosine, sunset yellow FCF, carbon black, veegum HV granular, sodium benzoate, citric acid, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, glycerin, polysorbate 40, vanillin, banana flavor artificial no. 185, oil orange concentrate 16x, alcohol refined 96% v/v USP, alcohol USP, FD & C no. 6, FD & C no. 40 and D & C no. 33.
Co-administration of phenytoin with delavirdine is contraindicated due to the potential for loss of virologic response and possible resistance to delavirdine or to the class of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Co-administration of phenytoin with delavirdine is contraindicated due to the potential for loss of virologic response and possible resistance to delavirdine or to the class of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Special Precautions
General: Phenytoin is not effective for absence (petit mal) seizures. If tonic-clonic (grand mal) and absence (petit mal) seizures are present, combined drug therapy is needed.
Phenytoin is not indicated for seizures due to hypoglycemic or other metabolic causes. Appropriate diagnostic procedures should be performed as indicated.
Phenytoin should not be abruptly discontinued because of the possibility of increased seizure frequency, including status epilepticus. When, in the judgment of the clinician, the need for dosage reduction, discontinuation, or substitution of alternative anti-epileptic medication arises, this should be done gradually. However, in the event of an allergic or hypersensitivity reaction, rapid substitution of alternative therapy may be necessary. In this case, alternative therapy should be an anticonvulsant drug not belonging to the hydantoin chemical class.
A small percentage of individuals who have been treated with phenytoin have been shown to metabolize the drug slowly. Slow metabolism may be due to limited enzyme availability and lack of induction; it appears to be genetically determined (polymorphism).
Acute alcoholic intake may increase phenytoin serum levels, while chronic alcoholic use may decrease serum levels.
Due to an increased fraction of unbound phenytoin in patients with renal or hepatic disease, or in those with hypoalbuminemia, the interpretation of total phenytoin plasma concentrations should be made with caution. Unbound concentration of phenytoin may be elevated in patients with hyperbilirubinemia. Unbound phenytoin concentrations may be more useful in these patient populations.
Suicide: Suicidal ideation and behavior have been reported in patients treated with anti-epileptic agents in several indications. A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials of anti-epileptic drugs has also shown a small increased risk of suicidal ideation and behavior. The mechanism of this risk is not known, and the available data do not exclude the possibility of an increased risk for phenytoin.
Cardiac Effects: Cases of bradycardia and asystole/cardiac arrest have been reported, most commonly in association with phenytoin toxicity (see Overdosage), but also at recommended phenytoin doses and levels.
Hypersensitivity Syndrome/Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms: Hypersensitivity Syndrome (HSS) or Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) has been reported in patients taking anticonvulsant drugs, including phenytoin. Some of these events have been fatal or life threatening.
HSS/DRESS typically, although not exclusively, presents with fever, rash, and/or lymphadenopathy, in association with other organ system involvement, such as hepatitis, nephritis, hematological abnormalities, myocarditis, myositis or pneumonitis. Initial symptoms may resemble an acute viral infection. Other common manifestations include arthralgias, jaundice, hepatomegaly, leukocytosis, and eosinophilia. The interval between the first drug exposure and symptoms is usually 2 to 4 weeks but has been reported in individuals receiving anticonvulsants for 3 or more months. If such signs and symptoms occur, the patient should be evaluated immediately. Phenytoin should be discontinued if an alternative etiology for the signs and symptoms cannot be established.
Patients at higher risk for developing HSS/DRESS include black patients, patients who have experienced this syndrome in the past (with phenytoin or other anticonvulsant drugs), patients who have a family history of this syndrome and immunosuppressed patients. The syndrome is more severe in previously sensitized individuals.
Serious Dermatologic Reactions: Phenytoin can cause rare, severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) such as acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) (see Dermatologic System under Adverse Reactions), exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and DRESS, which can be fatal. Although serious skin reactions may occur without warning, patients should be alert for the occurrence of rash and other symptoms of HSS/DRESS (see Hypersensitivity Syndrome/Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms as previously mentioned), and should seek medical advice from their physician immediately when observing any indicative signs or symptoms. The physician should advise the patient to discontinue treatment if the rash appears. If the rash is of a milder type (measles-like or scarlatiniform), therapy may be resumed after the rash has completely disappeared. If the rash recurs upon reinstitution of therapy, further phenytoin medication is contraindicated. The risk of serious skin reactions and other hypersensitivity reactions to phenytoin may be higher in black patients.
Studies in patients of Chinese ancestry have found a strong association between the risk of developing SJS/TEN and the presence of human leukocyte antigen HLA-B*1502, an inherited allelic variant of the HLA-B gene, in patients using another carbamazepine. Limited evidence suggests that HLA-B*1502 may be a risk factor for the development of SJS/TEN in patients of Asian ancestry taking drugs associated with SJS/TEN, including phenytoin. Consideration should be given to avoiding use of drugs associated with SJS/TEN, including phenytoin, in HLA-B*1502-positive patients when alternative therapies are otherwise equally available.
Literature reports suggest that the combination of phenytoin, cranial irradiation and the gradual reduction of corticosteroids may be associated with the development of erythema multiforme, and/or SJS, and/or TEN.
Angioedema: Angioedema has been reported in patients treated with phenytoin. Phenytoin should be discontinued immediately if symptoms of angioedema, such as facial, perioral, or upper airway swelling occur (see Immunologic under Adverse Reactions).
Hepatic Injury: The liver is the chief site of biotransformation of phenytoin.
Toxic hepatitis and liver damage have been reported and may, in rare cases, be fatal.
Cases of acute hepatotoxicity, including infrequent cases of acute hepatic failure, have been reported with phenytoin. These incidents usually occur within the first 2 months of treatment and may be associated with HSS/DRESS (see Hypersensitivity Syndrome/Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms as previously mentioned). Patients with impaired liver function, elderly patients, or those who are gravely ill may show early signs of toxicity.
The clinical course of acute phenytoin hepatotoxicity ranges from prompt recovery to fatal outcomes. In these patients with acute hepatotoxicity, phenytoin should be immediately discontinued and not re-administered.
The risk of hepatotoxicity and other hypersensitivity reactions to phenytoin may be higher in black patients.
Hematopoietic System: Hematopoietic complications, some fatal, have occasionally been reported in association with administration of phenytoin. These have included thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia, agranulocytosis, and pancytopenia with or without bone marrow suppression.
There have been a number of reports suggesting a relationship between phenytoin and the development of lymphadenopathy (local or generalized) including benign lymph node hyperplasia, pseudolymphoma, lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease. Although a cause-and-effect relationship has not been established, the occurrence of lymphadenopathy indicates the need to differentiate such a condition from other types of lymph node pathology. Lymph node involvement may occur with or without signs and symptoms resembling HSS/DRESS (see Hypersensitivity Syndrome/Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms as previously mentioned). In all cases of lymphadenopathy, follow-up observation for an extended period is indicated, and every effort should be made to achieve seizure control using alternative anticonvulsant drugs.
While macrocytosis and megaloblastic anemia have occurred, these conditions usually respond to folic acid therapy. If folic acid is added to phenytoin therapy, a decrease in seizure control may occur.
Central Nervous System Effect: Serum levels of phenytoin sustained above the optimal range may produce confusional states referred to as "delirium," "psychosis," or "encephalopathy," or rarely irreversible cerebellar dysfunction and/or cerebellar atrophy. Accordingly, at the first sign of acute toxicity, determination of serum drug levels is recommended. Dose reduction of phenytoin therapy is indicated if serum levels are excessive; if symptoms persist, termination of phenytoin therapy is recommended.
Metabolic Effect: In view of isolated reports associating phenytoin with exacerbation of porphyria, caution should be exercised in using this medication in patients suffering from this disease.
Hyperglycemia, resulting from the drug's inhibitory effects on insulin release, has been reported. Phenytoin may also raise serum glucose levels in diabetic patients.
Musculoskeletal Effect: Phenytoin and other anticonvulsants that have been shown to induce the CYP450 enzyme are thought to affect bone mineral metabolism indirectly by increasing the metabolism of Vitamin D3. This may lead to Vitamin D deficiency and heightened risk of osteomalacia, bone fractures, osteoporosis, hypocalcemia, and hypophosphatemia in chronically treated epileptic patients.
Information for the Patient Using an Oral Formulation of Phenytoin: Patients taking phenytoin should be advised of the importance of adhering strictly to the prescribed dosage regimen and of informing their physician of any clinical condition in which it is not possible to take the drug orally as prescribed, e.g., surgery, etc.
Patients should be advised to use an accurate measuring device when using the oral suspension formulation.
Patients should be cautioned on the use of other drugs or alcoholic beverages without first seeking their physician's advice.
Patients should be instructed to call their physician if skin rash develops.
The importance of good dental hygiene should be stressed in order to minimize the development of gingival hyperplasia and its complications.
Effects on Ability to Drive and Use Machines: Patients should be advised not to drive a car or operate potentially dangerous machinery until it is known that this medication does not affect their ability to engage in these activities.
Use in Pregnancy: Women of Childbearing Potential: Phenytoin may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Prenatal exposure to phenytoin may increase the risks for congenital malformations and other adverse development outcomes (see Use in Pregnancy and Lactation).
Phenytoin is not indicated for seizures due to hypoglycemic or other metabolic causes. Appropriate diagnostic procedures should be performed as indicated.
Phenytoin should not be abruptly discontinued because of the possibility of increased seizure frequency, including status epilepticus. When, in the judgment of the clinician, the need for dosage reduction, discontinuation, or substitution of alternative anti-epileptic medication arises, this should be done gradually. However, in the event of an allergic or hypersensitivity reaction, rapid substitution of alternative therapy may be necessary. In this case, alternative therapy should be an anticonvulsant drug not belonging to the hydantoin chemical class.
A small percentage of individuals who have been treated with phenytoin have been shown to metabolize the drug slowly. Slow metabolism may be due to limited enzyme availability and lack of induction; it appears to be genetically determined (polymorphism).
Acute alcoholic intake may increase phenytoin serum levels, while chronic alcoholic use may decrease serum levels.
Due to an increased fraction of unbound phenytoin in patients with renal or hepatic disease, or in those with hypoalbuminemia, the interpretation of total phenytoin plasma concentrations should be made with caution. Unbound concentration of phenytoin may be elevated in patients with hyperbilirubinemia. Unbound phenytoin concentrations may be more useful in these patient populations.
Suicide: Suicidal ideation and behavior have been reported in patients treated with anti-epileptic agents in several indications. A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials of anti-epileptic drugs has also shown a small increased risk of suicidal ideation and behavior. The mechanism of this risk is not known, and the available data do not exclude the possibility of an increased risk for phenytoin.
Cardiac Effects: Cases of bradycardia and asystole/cardiac arrest have been reported, most commonly in association with phenytoin toxicity (see Overdosage), but also at recommended phenytoin doses and levels.
Hypersensitivity Syndrome/Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms: Hypersensitivity Syndrome (HSS) or Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) has been reported in patients taking anticonvulsant drugs, including phenytoin. Some of these events have been fatal or life threatening.
HSS/DRESS typically, although not exclusively, presents with fever, rash, and/or lymphadenopathy, in association with other organ system involvement, such as hepatitis, nephritis, hematological abnormalities, myocarditis, myositis or pneumonitis. Initial symptoms may resemble an acute viral infection. Other common manifestations include arthralgias, jaundice, hepatomegaly, leukocytosis, and eosinophilia. The interval between the first drug exposure and symptoms is usually 2 to 4 weeks but has been reported in individuals receiving anticonvulsants for 3 or more months. If such signs and symptoms occur, the patient should be evaluated immediately. Phenytoin should be discontinued if an alternative etiology for the signs and symptoms cannot be established.
Patients at higher risk for developing HSS/DRESS include black patients, patients who have experienced this syndrome in the past (with phenytoin or other anticonvulsant drugs), patients who have a family history of this syndrome and immunosuppressed patients. The syndrome is more severe in previously sensitized individuals.
Serious Dermatologic Reactions: Phenytoin can cause rare, severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) such as acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) (see Dermatologic System under Adverse Reactions), exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and DRESS, which can be fatal. Although serious skin reactions may occur without warning, patients should be alert for the occurrence of rash and other symptoms of HSS/DRESS (see Hypersensitivity Syndrome/Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms as previously mentioned), and should seek medical advice from their physician immediately when observing any indicative signs or symptoms. The physician should advise the patient to discontinue treatment if the rash appears. If the rash is of a milder type (measles-like or scarlatiniform), therapy may be resumed after the rash has completely disappeared. If the rash recurs upon reinstitution of therapy, further phenytoin medication is contraindicated. The risk of serious skin reactions and other hypersensitivity reactions to phenytoin may be higher in black patients.
Studies in patients of Chinese ancestry have found a strong association between the risk of developing SJS/TEN and the presence of human leukocyte antigen HLA-B*1502, an inherited allelic variant of the HLA-B gene, in patients using another carbamazepine. Limited evidence suggests that HLA-B*1502 may be a risk factor for the development of SJS/TEN in patients of Asian ancestry taking drugs associated with SJS/TEN, including phenytoin. Consideration should be given to avoiding use of drugs associated with SJS/TEN, including phenytoin, in HLA-B*1502-positive patients when alternative therapies are otherwise equally available.
Literature reports suggest that the combination of phenytoin, cranial irradiation and the gradual reduction of corticosteroids may be associated with the development of erythema multiforme, and/or SJS, and/or TEN.
Angioedema: Angioedema has been reported in patients treated with phenytoin. Phenytoin should be discontinued immediately if symptoms of angioedema, such as facial, perioral, or upper airway swelling occur (see Immunologic under Adverse Reactions).
Hepatic Injury: The liver is the chief site of biotransformation of phenytoin.
Toxic hepatitis and liver damage have been reported and may, in rare cases, be fatal.
Cases of acute hepatotoxicity, including infrequent cases of acute hepatic failure, have been reported with phenytoin. These incidents usually occur within the first 2 months of treatment and may be associated with HSS/DRESS (see Hypersensitivity Syndrome/Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms as previously mentioned). Patients with impaired liver function, elderly patients, or those who are gravely ill may show early signs of toxicity.
The clinical course of acute phenytoin hepatotoxicity ranges from prompt recovery to fatal outcomes. In these patients with acute hepatotoxicity, phenytoin should be immediately discontinued and not re-administered.
The risk of hepatotoxicity and other hypersensitivity reactions to phenytoin may be higher in black patients.
Hematopoietic System: Hematopoietic complications, some fatal, have occasionally been reported in association with administration of phenytoin. These have included thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia, agranulocytosis, and pancytopenia with or without bone marrow suppression.
There have been a number of reports suggesting a relationship between phenytoin and the development of lymphadenopathy (local or generalized) including benign lymph node hyperplasia, pseudolymphoma, lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease. Although a cause-and-effect relationship has not been established, the occurrence of lymphadenopathy indicates the need to differentiate such a condition from other types of lymph node pathology. Lymph node involvement may occur with or without signs and symptoms resembling HSS/DRESS (see Hypersensitivity Syndrome/Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms as previously mentioned). In all cases of lymphadenopathy, follow-up observation for an extended period is indicated, and every effort should be made to achieve seizure control using alternative anticonvulsant drugs.
While macrocytosis and megaloblastic anemia have occurred, these conditions usually respond to folic acid therapy. If folic acid is added to phenytoin therapy, a decrease in seizure control may occur.
Central Nervous System Effect: Serum levels of phenytoin sustained above the optimal range may produce confusional states referred to as "delirium," "psychosis," or "encephalopathy," or rarely irreversible cerebellar dysfunction and/or cerebellar atrophy. Accordingly, at the first sign of acute toxicity, determination of serum drug levels is recommended. Dose reduction of phenytoin therapy is indicated if serum levels are excessive; if symptoms persist, termination of phenytoin therapy is recommended.
Metabolic Effect: In view of isolated reports associating phenytoin with exacerbation of porphyria, caution should be exercised in using this medication in patients suffering from this disease.
Hyperglycemia, resulting from the drug's inhibitory effects on insulin release, has been reported. Phenytoin may also raise serum glucose levels in diabetic patients.
Musculoskeletal Effect: Phenytoin and other anticonvulsants that have been shown to induce the CYP450 enzyme are thought to affect bone mineral metabolism indirectly by increasing the metabolism of Vitamin D3. This may lead to Vitamin D deficiency and heightened risk of osteomalacia, bone fractures, osteoporosis, hypocalcemia, and hypophosphatemia in chronically treated epileptic patients.
Information for the Patient Using an Oral Formulation of Phenytoin: Patients taking phenytoin should be advised of the importance of adhering strictly to the prescribed dosage regimen and of informing their physician of any clinical condition in which it is not possible to take the drug orally as prescribed, e.g., surgery, etc.
Patients should be advised to use an accurate measuring device when using the oral suspension formulation.
Patients should be cautioned on the use of other drugs or alcoholic beverages without first seeking their physician's advice.
Patients should be instructed to call their physician if skin rash develops.
The importance of good dental hygiene should be stressed in order to minimize the development of gingival hyperplasia and its complications.
Effects on Ability to Drive and Use Machines: Patients should be advised not to drive a car or operate potentially dangerous machinery until it is known that this medication does not affect their ability to engage in these activities.
Use in Pregnancy: Women of Childbearing Potential: Phenytoin may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Prenatal exposure to phenytoin may increase the risks for congenital malformations and other adverse development outcomes (see Use in Pregnancy and Lactation).
Use In Pregnancy & Lactation
Fertility: In animal studies, phenytoin had no direct effect on fertility.
Usage in Pregnancy: Phenytoin crosses the placenta in humans.
A number of reports suggest an association between the use of anticonvulsant drugs by women with epilepsy and a higher incidence of birth defects in children born to these women. Less systematic or anecdotal reports suggest a possible similar association with the use of all known anticonvulsant drugs.
The reports suggesting a higher incidence of birth defects in children of drug-treated epileptic women cannot be regarded as adequate to prove a definite cause and effect relationship. There are intrinsic methodologic problems in obtaining adequate data on drug teratogenicity in humans. Genetic factors or the epileptic condition itself may be more important than drug therapy in leading to birth defects. The great majority of mothers on anticonvulsant medication deliver normal infants. It is important to note that anticonvulsant drugs should not be discontinued in patients in whom the drug is administered to prevent major seizures because of the strong possibility of precipitating status epilepticus with attendant hypoxia and threat to life. In individual cases where the severity and frequency of the seizure disorder are such that the removal of medication does not pose a serious threat to the patient, discontinuation of the drug may be considered prior to and during pregnancy, although it cannot be said with any confidence that even minor seizures do not pose some hazard to the developing embryo or fetus. The prescribing physician will wish to weigh these considerations in treating or counseling epileptic women of child-bearing potential.
In addition to the reports of increased incidence of congenital malformations such as cleft lip/palate and heart malformations in children of women receiving phenytoin and other anticonvulsant drugs, there have been reports of a fetal hydantoin syndrome. This consists of pre-natal dysmorphic facial features, nail and digit hypoplasia, growth deficiency (including microcephaly), and mental deficiency in children born to mothers who have received phenytoin.
There have been isolated reports of malignancies, including neuroblastoma, in children whose mothers received phenytoin during pregnancy.
Phenytoin should only be used in women of childbearing potential and pregnant women if the potential benefit outweighs the risk. When appropriate, counsel pregnant women and women of childbearing potential about alternative therapeutic options.
An increase in seizure frequency during pregnancy occurs in a high proportion of patients because of altered phenytoin absorption or metabolism. Periodic measurement of serum phenytoin levels is particularly valuable in the management of a pregnant epileptic patient as a guide to an appropriate adjustment of dosage. However, post-partum restoration of the original dosage will probably be indicated.
Neonatal coagulation defects have been reported within the first 24 hours in babies born to epileptic mothers receiving phenobarbital and/or phenytoin. Vitamin K has been shown to prevent or correct this defect and has been recommended to be given to the mother before delivery and to the neonate after birth.
Women of childbearing potential who are not planning a pregnancy should be advised regarding the use of effective contraception during treatment. Phenytoin may result in a failure of the therapeutic effect of hormonal contraceptives (see Interactions).
Phenytoin is teratogenic in rats, mice and rabbits.
Usage in Nursing Mothers: Breast-feeding is not recommended for women taking this drug because phenytoin appears to be secreted in low concentrations in human milk. Phenytoin concentration in breast milk is approximately one-third of the corresponding maternal plasma concentration.
Usage in Pregnancy: Phenytoin crosses the placenta in humans.
A number of reports suggest an association between the use of anticonvulsant drugs by women with epilepsy and a higher incidence of birth defects in children born to these women. Less systematic or anecdotal reports suggest a possible similar association with the use of all known anticonvulsant drugs.
The reports suggesting a higher incidence of birth defects in children of drug-treated epileptic women cannot be regarded as adequate to prove a definite cause and effect relationship. There are intrinsic methodologic problems in obtaining adequate data on drug teratogenicity in humans. Genetic factors or the epileptic condition itself may be more important than drug therapy in leading to birth defects. The great majority of mothers on anticonvulsant medication deliver normal infants. It is important to note that anticonvulsant drugs should not be discontinued in patients in whom the drug is administered to prevent major seizures because of the strong possibility of precipitating status epilepticus with attendant hypoxia and threat to life. In individual cases where the severity and frequency of the seizure disorder are such that the removal of medication does not pose a serious threat to the patient, discontinuation of the drug may be considered prior to and during pregnancy, although it cannot be said with any confidence that even minor seizures do not pose some hazard to the developing embryo or fetus. The prescribing physician will wish to weigh these considerations in treating or counseling epileptic women of child-bearing potential.
In addition to the reports of increased incidence of congenital malformations such as cleft lip/palate and heart malformations in children of women receiving phenytoin and other anticonvulsant drugs, there have been reports of a fetal hydantoin syndrome. This consists of pre-natal dysmorphic facial features, nail and digit hypoplasia, growth deficiency (including microcephaly), and mental deficiency in children born to mothers who have received phenytoin.
There have been isolated reports of malignancies, including neuroblastoma, in children whose mothers received phenytoin during pregnancy.
Phenytoin should only be used in women of childbearing potential and pregnant women if the potential benefit outweighs the risk. When appropriate, counsel pregnant women and women of childbearing potential about alternative therapeutic options.
An increase in seizure frequency during pregnancy occurs in a high proportion of patients because of altered phenytoin absorption or metabolism. Periodic measurement of serum phenytoin levels is particularly valuable in the management of a pregnant epileptic patient as a guide to an appropriate adjustment of dosage. However, post-partum restoration of the original dosage will probably be indicated.
Neonatal coagulation defects have been reported within the first 24 hours in babies born to epileptic mothers receiving phenobarbital and/or phenytoin. Vitamin K has been shown to prevent or correct this defect and has been recommended to be given to the mother before delivery and to the neonate after birth.
Women of childbearing potential who are not planning a pregnancy should be advised regarding the use of effective contraception during treatment. Phenytoin may result in a failure of the therapeutic effect of hormonal contraceptives (see Interactions).
Phenytoin is teratogenic in rats, mice and rabbits.
Usage in Nursing Mothers: Breast-feeding is not recommended for women taking this drug because phenytoin appears to be secreted in low concentrations in human milk. Phenytoin concentration in breast milk is approximately one-third of the corresponding maternal plasma concentration.
Adverse Reactions
The following adverse reactions have been reported with phenytoin (frequency unknown - cannot be estimated from available data): Body as a Whole: Anaphylactoid reaction and anaphylaxis.
Central Nervous System: Adverse reactions in this body system are common and are usually dose-related. Reactions include nystagmus, ataxia, slurred speech, decreased coordination, and mental confusion. Cerebellar atrophy has been reported, and appears more likely in settings of elevated phenytoin levels and/or long-term phenytoin use. (See Central Nervous System Effect under Precautions).
Dizziness, vertigo, insomnia, transient nervousness, motor twitchings, headache, paresthesia, and somnolence have also been observed.
There have also been rare reports of phenytoin-induced dyskinesias, including chorea, dystonia, tremor, and asterixis, similar to those induced by phenothiazine and other neuroleptic drugs.
A predominantly sensory peripheral polyneuropathy has been observed in patients receiving long-term phenytoin therapy.
Connective Tissue System: Coarsening of the facial features, enlargement of the lips, gingival hyperplasia, hypertrichosis, and Peyronie's disease.
Gastrointestinal System: Acute hepatic failure, toxic hepatitis, liver damage, vomiting, nausea, and constipation (see Hepatic Injury under Precautions).
Hematopoietic System: Hematopoietic complications, some fatal, have occasionally been reported in association with administration of phenytoin. These have included thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia, agranulocytosis, and pancytopenia with or without bone marrow suppression. Macrocytosis and megaloblastic anemia have also occurred. Lymphadenopathy including benign lymph node hyperplasia, pseudolymphoma, lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease have been reported (see Hematopoietic System under Precautions). Pure red cell aplasia has also been reported.
Immunologic: HSS/DRESS (see Hypersensitivity Syndrome/Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms under Precautions), systemic lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis nodosa, and immunoglobulin abnormalities. Angioedema has been reported (see Angioedema under Precautions).
Investigations: Thyroid function test abnormal.
Dermatologic System: Dermatological manifestations, sometimes accompanied by fever, have included scarlatiniform or morbilliform rashes. A morbilliform rash (measles-like) is the most common; other types of dermatitis are seen more rarely. Other more serious forms that may be fatal have included bullous, exfoliative or purpuric dermatitis, lupus erythematosus, AGEP, SJS, and TEN (see Serious Dermatologic Reactions under Precautions). Urticaria has been reported.
Special Senses: Taste perversion.
Musculoskeletal System: Bone fractures and osteomalacia have been associated with long-term (>10 years) use of phenytoin by patients with chronic epilepsy. Osteoporosis and other disorders of bone metabolism such as hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia and decreased levels of vitamin D metabolites have also been reported.
Central Nervous System: Adverse reactions in this body system are common and are usually dose-related. Reactions include nystagmus, ataxia, slurred speech, decreased coordination, and mental confusion. Cerebellar atrophy has been reported, and appears more likely in settings of elevated phenytoin levels and/or long-term phenytoin use. (See Central Nervous System Effect under Precautions).
Dizziness, vertigo, insomnia, transient nervousness, motor twitchings, headache, paresthesia, and somnolence have also been observed.
There have also been rare reports of phenytoin-induced dyskinesias, including chorea, dystonia, tremor, and asterixis, similar to those induced by phenothiazine and other neuroleptic drugs.
A predominantly sensory peripheral polyneuropathy has been observed in patients receiving long-term phenytoin therapy.
Connective Tissue System: Coarsening of the facial features, enlargement of the lips, gingival hyperplasia, hypertrichosis, and Peyronie's disease.
Gastrointestinal System: Acute hepatic failure, toxic hepatitis, liver damage, vomiting, nausea, and constipation (see Hepatic Injury under Precautions).
Hematopoietic System: Hematopoietic complications, some fatal, have occasionally been reported in association with administration of phenytoin. These have included thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia, agranulocytosis, and pancytopenia with or without bone marrow suppression. Macrocytosis and megaloblastic anemia have also occurred. Lymphadenopathy including benign lymph node hyperplasia, pseudolymphoma, lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease have been reported (see Hematopoietic System under Precautions). Pure red cell aplasia has also been reported.
Immunologic: HSS/DRESS (see Hypersensitivity Syndrome/Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms under Precautions), systemic lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis nodosa, and immunoglobulin abnormalities. Angioedema has been reported (see Angioedema under Precautions).
Investigations: Thyroid function test abnormal.
Dermatologic System: Dermatological manifestations, sometimes accompanied by fever, have included scarlatiniform or morbilliform rashes. A morbilliform rash (measles-like) is the most common; other types of dermatitis are seen more rarely. Other more serious forms that may be fatal have included bullous, exfoliative or purpuric dermatitis, lupus erythematosus, AGEP, SJS, and TEN (see Serious Dermatologic Reactions under Precautions). Urticaria has been reported.
Special Senses: Taste perversion.
Musculoskeletal System: Bone fractures and osteomalacia have been associated with long-term (>10 years) use of phenytoin by patients with chronic epilepsy. Osteoporosis and other disorders of bone metabolism such as hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia and decreased levels of vitamin D metabolites have also been reported.
Drug Interactions
Drug Interactions: Phenytoin is extensively bound to serum plasma proteins and is prone to competitive displacement. Phenytoin is metabolized by hepatic cytochrome (CYP) P450 enzymes CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, and is particularly susceptible to inhibitory drug interactions because it is subject to saturable metabolism. Inhibition of metabolism may produce significant increases in circulating phenytoin concentrations and enhance the risk of drug toxicity.
Phenytoin is a potent inducer of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes and may reduce the levels of drugs metabolized by these enzymes.
There are many drugs that may increase or decrease serum phenytoin levels or that phenytoin may affect. Serum level determinations for phenytoin are especially helpful when possible drug interactions are suspected.
The most commonly occurring drug interactions are listed as follows.
Drugs That May Increase Phenytoin Serum Levels: Table 1 summarizes the drug classes that may potentially increase phenytoin serum levels. (See Table 1.)
Phenytoin is a potent inducer of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes and may reduce the levels of drugs metabolized by these enzymes.
There are many drugs that may increase or decrease serum phenytoin levels or that phenytoin may affect. Serum level determinations for phenytoin are especially helpful when possible drug interactions are suspected.
The most commonly occurring drug interactions are listed as follows.
Drugs That May Increase Phenytoin Serum Levels: Table 1 summarizes the drug classes that may potentially increase phenytoin serum levels. (See Table 1.)
Drugs That May Decrease Phenytoin Serum Levels: Table 2 summarizes the drug classes that may potentially decrease phenytoin plasma levels. (See Table 2.)
Molindone hydrochloride contains calcium ions, which interfere with the absorption of phenytoin. Ingestion times of phenytoin and calcium preparations, including antacid preparations containing calcium, should be staggered to prevent absorption problems.
Drugs That May Either Increase Or Decrease Phenytoin Serum Levels: Table 3 summarizes the drug classes that may either increase or decrease phenytoin serum levels. (See Table 3.)
Drugs That May Either Increase Or Decrease Phenytoin Serum Levels: Table 3 summarizes the drug classes that may either increase or decrease phenytoin serum levels. (See Table 3.)
Drugs Whose Serum Levels And/Or Effects May Be Altered By Phenytoin: Table 4 summarizes the drug classes whose serum levels and/or effects may be altered by phenytoin. (See Table 4.)
Although not a true drug interaction, tricyclic antidepressants may precipitate seizures in susceptible patients and phenytoin dosage may need to be adjusted.
Hyperammonemia with Concomitant Use of Valproate: Concomitant administration of phenytoin and valproate has been associated with an increased risk of valproate-associated hyperammonemia. Patients treated concomitantly with these two drugs should be monitored for signs and symptoms of hyperammonemia.
Drug-Enteral Feeding/Nutritional Preparations Interaction: Literature reports suggest that patients who have received enteral feeding preparations and/or related nutritional supplements have lower than expected phenytoin plasma levels. It is therefore suggested that phenytoin not be administered concomitantly with an enteral feeding preparation. More frequent serum phenytoin level monitoring may be necessary in these patients.
Drug-Laboratory Test Interactions: Phenytoin may cause decreased serum levels of protein-bound iodine (PBI). It may also produce lower than normal values for dexamethasone or metyrapone tests. Phenytoin may cause increased serum levels of glucose, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). Phenytoin may affect blood calcium and blood sugar metabolism rates.
Hyperammonemia with Concomitant Use of Valproate: Concomitant administration of phenytoin and valproate has been associated with an increased risk of valproate-associated hyperammonemia. Patients treated concomitantly with these two drugs should be monitored for signs and symptoms of hyperammonemia.
Drug-Enteral Feeding/Nutritional Preparations Interaction: Literature reports suggest that patients who have received enteral feeding preparations and/or related nutritional supplements have lower than expected phenytoin plasma levels. It is therefore suggested that phenytoin not be administered concomitantly with an enteral feeding preparation. More frequent serum phenytoin level monitoring may be necessary in these patients.
Drug-Laboratory Test Interactions: Phenytoin may cause decreased serum levels of protein-bound iodine (PBI). It may also produce lower than normal values for dexamethasone or metyrapone tests. Phenytoin may cause increased serum levels of glucose, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). Phenytoin may affect blood calcium and blood sugar metabolism rates.
Caution For Usage
Incompatibilities: None known.
Storage
Capsules: Store at temperatures not exceeding 30°C. Protect from light and moisture.
Oral Suspension: Store at temperatures not exceeding 30°C. Protect from freezing and light.
Oral Suspension: Store at temperatures not exceeding 30°C. Protect from freezing and light.
Action
Pharmacologic Category: Anticonvulsant/Antiepileptics.
Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant drug which can be useful in the treatment of epilepsy.
The primary site of action appears to be the motor cortex where spread of seizure activity is inhibited. Possibly by promoting sodium efflux from neurons, phenytoin tends to stabilize the threshold against hyperexcitability caused by excessive stimulation or environmental changes capable of reducing membrane sodium gradient. This includes the reduction of post-tetanic potentiation at the synaptic levels. Loss of post-tetanic potentiation prevents cortical seizure foci from detonating adjacent cortical areas. Phenytoin reduces the maximal activity of brain stem centers responsible for the tonic phase of tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures.
Pharmacokinetics: Phenytoin is a weak acid and has limited hydrosolubility, even in the intestine. The compound undergoes a slow and somewhat variable absorption after oral administration. After absorption is complete, it is rapidly distributed into all tissues.
The plasma half-life of phenytoin in man averages 22 hours, with a range of 7 to 42 hours.
Steady-state therapeutic drug levels are achieved at least 7 to 10 days after initiation of therapy with recommended doses of 300 mg/day. For oral formulations of phenytoin, peak serum levels occur 1½ to 3 hours after administration. Phenytoin has an apparent volume of distribution of 0.6 L/kg and is highly bound (90%) to plasma proteins, mainly albumin.
Free phenytoin levels may be altered in patients whose protein-binding characteristics differ from normal. Phenytoin is distributed into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva, semen, gastrointestinal fluids, bile, and breast milk. The concentration of phenytoin in the CSF, brain, and saliva approximates the level of free phenytoin in plasma.
Phenytoin is biotransformed in the liver by oxidative metabolism. The major pathway involves 4-hydroxylation, which accounts for 80% of all metabolites. CYP2C9 plays the major role in the metabolism of phenytoin (90% of net intrinsic clearance), while CYP2C19 has a minor involvement in this process (10% of net intrinsic clearance). This relative contribution of CYP2C19 to phenytoin metabolism may, however, increase at higher phenytoin concentrations.
Because the cytochrome systems involved in phenytoin hydroxylation in the liver are saturable at high serum concentrations, small incremental doses of phenytoin may increase the half-life and produce very substantial increases in serum levels when these are in or above the upper therapeutic range. The steady-state level may be disproportionately increased with resultant intoxication from an increase in dosage of 10% or more. The clearance of phenytoin has been shown to be impaired by CYP2C9 inhibitors such as phenylbutazone and sulfaphenazole. Impaired clearance has also been shown to occur in patients administered CYP2C19 inhibitors such as ticlopidine.
Most of the drug is excreted in the bile as inactive metabolites, which are then reabsorbed from the intestinal tract and eliminated in the urine partly through glomerular filtration, but more importantly via tubular secretion. Less than 5% of phenytoin is excreted as the parent compound.
In most patients maintained at a steady dosage of an oral formulation, stable phenytoin serum levels are achieved. There may be wide interpatient variability in phenytoin serum levels with equivalent dosages. Patients with unusually low serum levels may be non-compliant or hypermetabolizers of phenytoin. Unusually high levels result from liver disease, congenital enzyme deficiency or drug interactions, which result in metabolic interference. Patients with large variations in phenytoin serum levels, despite standard doses, present a difficult clinical problem. Serum level determinations in such patients may be particularly helpful. When they are necessary, they should be obtained at least 7 to 10 days after treatment initiation, dosage change, or addition or subtraction of another drug to the regimen so that equilibrium or steady state will have been achieved. Trough levels, obtained just prior to the patient's next scheduled dose, provide information about clinically effective serum level range and confirm patient compliance. Peak drug levels, obtained at the time of expected peak concentration, indicate an individual's threshold for emergence of dose-related side effects.
Pharmacokinetic Interaction: Co-administration of nelfinavir tablets (1250 mg twice a day) with phenytoin capsule (300 mg once a day) did not change the plasma concentration of nelfinavir. However, co-administration of nelfinavir reduced the AUC values of phenytoin (total) and free phenytoin by 29% and 28%, respectively.
Special Populations: Patients with Renal or Hepatic Disease: see General under Precautions.
Age: Phenytoin clearance tends to decrease with increasing age (20% less in patients over 70 years of age relative to that in patients 20-30 years of age). Phenytoin dosing requirements are highly variable and must be individualized (see Dosing in Special Populations: Elderly Patients under Dosage & Administration).
Toxicology: Preclinical Safety Data: Carcinogenesis: In a transplacental and adult carcinogenicity study, phenytoin was administered in diet at 30 to 600 ppm to mice and 240 to 2400 ppm to rats. Hepatocellular tumors were increased at the higher doses in mice and rats. In additional studies, mice received 10 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, or 45 mg/kg and rats were given 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, or 100 mg/kg in the diet for 2 years. Hepatocellular tumors in mice increased at 45 mg/kg. No increases in tumor incidence were observed in rats. These rodent tumors are of uncertain clinical significance.
Genetic toxicity studies showed that phenytoin was not mutagenic in bacteria or in mammalian cells in vitro. It is clastogenic in vitro but not in vivo.
Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant drug which can be useful in the treatment of epilepsy.
The primary site of action appears to be the motor cortex where spread of seizure activity is inhibited. Possibly by promoting sodium efflux from neurons, phenytoin tends to stabilize the threshold against hyperexcitability caused by excessive stimulation or environmental changes capable of reducing membrane sodium gradient. This includes the reduction of post-tetanic potentiation at the synaptic levels. Loss of post-tetanic potentiation prevents cortical seizure foci from detonating adjacent cortical areas. Phenytoin reduces the maximal activity of brain stem centers responsible for the tonic phase of tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures.
Pharmacokinetics: Phenytoin is a weak acid and has limited hydrosolubility, even in the intestine. The compound undergoes a slow and somewhat variable absorption after oral administration. After absorption is complete, it is rapidly distributed into all tissues.
The plasma half-life of phenytoin in man averages 22 hours, with a range of 7 to 42 hours.
Steady-state therapeutic drug levels are achieved at least 7 to 10 days after initiation of therapy with recommended doses of 300 mg/day. For oral formulations of phenytoin, peak serum levels occur 1½ to 3 hours after administration. Phenytoin has an apparent volume of distribution of 0.6 L/kg and is highly bound (90%) to plasma proteins, mainly albumin.
Free phenytoin levels may be altered in patients whose protein-binding characteristics differ from normal. Phenytoin is distributed into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva, semen, gastrointestinal fluids, bile, and breast milk. The concentration of phenytoin in the CSF, brain, and saliva approximates the level of free phenytoin in plasma.
Phenytoin is biotransformed in the liver by oxidative metabolism. The major pathway involves 4-hydroxylation, which accounts for 80% of all metabolites. CYP2C9 plays the major role in the metabolism of phenytoin (90% of net intrinsic clearance), while CYP2C19 has a minor involvement in this process (10% of net intrinsic clearance). This relative contribution of CYP2C19 to phenytoin metabolism may, however, increase at higher phenytoin concentrations.
Because the cytochrome systems involved in phenytoin hydroxylation in the liver are saturable at high serum concentrations, small incremental doses of phenytoin may increase the half-life and produce very substantial increases in serum levels when these are in or above the upper therapeutic range. The steady-state level may be disproportionately increased with resultant intoxication from an increase in dosage of 10% or more. The clearance of phenytoin has been shown to be impaired by CYP2C9 inhibitors such as phenylbutazone and sulfaphenazole. Impaired clearance has also been shown to occur in patients administered CYP2C19 inhibitors such as ticlopidine.
Most of the drug is excreted in the bile as inactive metabolites, which are then reabsorbed from the intestinal tract and eliminated in the urine partly through glomerular filtration, but more importantly via tubular secretion. Less than 5% of phenytoin is excreted as the parent compound.
In most patients maintained at a steady dosage of an oral formulation, stable phenytoin serum levels are achieved. There may be wide interpatient variability in phenytoin serum levels with equivalent dosages. Patients with unusually low serum levels may be non-compliant or hypermetabolizers of phenytoin. Unusually high levels result from liver disease, congenital enzyme deficiency or drug interactions, which result in metabolic interference. Patients with large variations in phenytoin serum levels, despite standard doses, present a difficult clinical problem. Serum level determinations in such patients may be particularly helpful. When they are necessary, they should be obtained at least 7 to 10 days after treatment initiation, dosage change, or addition or subtraction of another drug to the regimen so that equilibrium or steady state will have been achieved. Trough levels, obtained just prior to the patient's next scheduled dose, provide information about clinically effective serum level range and confirm patient compliance. Peak drug levels, obtained at the time of expected peak concentration, indicate an individual's threshold for emergence of dose-related side effects.
Pharmacokinetic Interaction: Co-administration of nelfinavir tablets (1250 mg twice a day) with phenytoin capsule (300 mg once a day) did not change the plasma concentration of nelfinavir. However, co-administration of nelfinavir reduced the AUC values of phenytoin (total) and free phenytoin by 29% and 28%, respectively.
Special Populations: Patients with Renal or Hepatic Disease: see General under Precautions.
Age: Phenytoin clearance tends to decrease with increasing age (20% less in patients over 70 years of age relative to that in patients 20-30 years of age). Phenytoin dosing requirements are highly variable and must be individualized (see Dosing in Special Populations: Elderly Patients under Dosage & Administration).
Toxicology: Preclinical Safety Data: Carcinogenesis: In a transplacental and adult carcinogenicity study, phenytoin was administered in diet at 30 to 600 ppm to mice and 240 to 2400 ppm to rats. Hepatocellular tumors were increased at the higher doses in mice and rats. In additional studies, mice received 10 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, or 45 mg/kg and rats were given 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, or 100 mg/kg in the diet for 2 years. Hepatocellular tumors in mice increased at 45 mg/kg. No increases in tumor incidence were observed in rats. These rodent tumors are of uncertain clinical significance.
Genetic toxicity studies showed that phenytoin was not mutagenic in bacteria or in mammalian cells in vitro. It is clastogenic in vitro but not in vivo.
MedsGo Class
Anticonvulsants
Features
Brand
Dilantin
Full Details
Dosage Strength
100 mg
Drug Ingredients
- Phenytoin
Drug Packaging
Capsule 1's
Generic Name
Phenytoin Sodium
Dosage Form
Capsule
Registration Number
DRP-2038
Drug Classification
Prescription Drug (RX)
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