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Indications/Uses
Xyntha, Antihemophilic Factor (Recombinant) [BDDrFVIII], indicated for the control and prevention of hemorrhagic episodes and for routine and surgical prophylaxis in patients with hemophilia A (congenital factor VIII deficiency or classic hemophilia).
Xyntha does not contain von Willebrand factor and hence is not indicated in von Willebrand's disease.
Geriatrics (≥ 65 years of age): Clinical studies of Xyntha did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. As with any patient receiving Xyntha, dose selection for an elderly patient should be individualized.
Pediatrics: Xyntha is appropriate for use in children of all ages, including newborns.
Xyntha does not contain von Willebrand factor and hence is not indicated in von Willebrand's disease.
Geriatrics (≥ 65 years of age): Clinical studies of Xyntha did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. As with any patient receiving Xyntha, dose selection for an elderly patient should be individualized.
Pediatrics: Xyntha is appropriate for use in children of all ages, including newborns.
Dosage/Direction for Use
Treatment with Xyntha should be initiated under the supervision of a physician experienced in the treatment of hemophilia A.
Xyntha is appropriate for use in adults and children including newborns.
Dosage and duration of treatment depend on the severity of the factor VIII deficiency, the location and extent of bleeding, and the patient's clinical condition. Individual patients may vary in their response to factor VIII, achieving different levels of in vivo recovery and demonstrating different half-lives. Doses administered should be titrated to the patient's clinical response. In the presence of an inhibitor, higher doses or appropriate alternative treatment may be required. Dosage adjustment for patients with renal or hepatic impairment has not been studied in clinical trials.
The number of units of factor VIII administered is expressed in International Units (IU), which are related to the current World Health Organization (WHO) international standard for factor VIII activity. Factor VIII activity in plasma is expressed either as a percentage (relative to normal human plasma) or in IU (relative to an International Standard for factor VIII in plasma).
One IU of factor VIII activity corresponds approximately to the quantity of factor VIII in one ml of normal human plasma. The calculation of the required dosage of factor VIII is based upon the empirical finding that, on average, 1 IU of factor VIII per kg body weight raises the plasma factor VIII activity by 2 IU/dl. The required dosage is determined using the following formula: Required units = body weight (kg) x desired factor VIII rise (IU/dL or % of normal) x 0.5 (IU/kg per IU/dL).
Clinical data support the use of the one-stage clotting assay for monitoring Xyntha therapy.
The labeled potency of Xyntha is based on the European Pharmacopoeia chromogenic substrate assay in which the Pfizer In-House Recombinant Factor VIII Potency Reference Standard has been calibrated using a one-stage clotting assay. This method of potency assignment is intended to harmonize Xyntha with clinical monitoring using a one-stage clotting assay.
Precise monitoring of the replacement therapy by means of plasma factor VIII activity assay should be considered, particularly for surgical intervention.
Dosing for Bleeding and Surgery: In the case of the following hemorrhagic events, consideration should be given to maintaining the factor VIII activity at or above the plasma levels (in % of normal or in IU/dL) for the indicated period, as outlined in the following table. (See Table 4.)
Xyntha is appropriate for use in adults and children including newborns.
Dosage and duration of treatment depend on the severity of the factor VIII deficiency, the location and extent of bleeding, and the patient's clinical condition. Individual patients may vary in their response to factor VIII, achieving different levels of in vivo recovery and demonstrating different half-lives. Doses administered should be titrated to the patient's clinical response. In the presence of an inhibitor, higher doses or appropriate alternative treatment may be required. Dosage adjustment for patients with renal or hepatic impairment has not been studied in clinical trials.
The number of units of factor VIII administered is expressed in International Units (IU), which are related to the current World Health Organization (WHO) international standard for factor VIII activity. Factor VIII activity in plasma is expressed either as a percentage (relative to normal human plasma) or in IU (relative to an International Standard for factor VIII in plasma).
One IU of factor VIII activity corresponds approximately to the quantity of factor VIII in one ml of normal human plasma. The calculation of the required dosage of factor VIII is based upon the empirical finding that, on average, 1 IU of factor VIII per kg body weight raises the plasma factor VIII activity by 2 IU/dl. The required dosage is determined using the following formula: Required units = body weight (kg) x desired factor VIII rise (IU/dL or % of normal) x 0.5 (IU/kg per IU/dL).
Clinical data support the use of the one-stage clotting assay for monitoring Xyntha therapy.
The labeled potency of Xyntha is based on the European Pharmacopoeia chromogenic substrate assay in which the Pfizer In-House Recombinant Factor VIII Potency Reference Standard has been calibrated using a one-stage clotting assay. This method of potency assignment is intended to harmonize Xyntha with clinical monitoring using a one-stage clotting assay.
Precise monitoring of the replacement therapy by means of plasma factor VIII activity assay should be considered, particularly for surgical intervention.
Dosing for Bleeding and Surgery: In the case of the following hemorrhagic events, consideration should be given to maintaining the factor VIII activity at or above the plasma levels (in % of normal or in IU/dL) for the indicated period, as outlined in the following table. (See Table 4.)
Dosage for Prophylaxis: Xyntha has been administered prophylactically in a pivotal clinical trial in adolescent and adult previously treated patients at a dose of 30 + 5 IU/kg given 3 times weekly.
Inhibitors: Patients using factor VIII replacement therapy should be monitored for the development of factor VIII inhibitors. If expected factor VIII activity plasma levels are not attained, or if bleeding is not controlled with an appropriate dose, an assay should be performed to determine if a factor VIII inhibitor is present. In patients with factor VIII inhibitors, factor VIII therapy may not be effective and other therapeutic options should be considered. Management of such patients should be directed by physicians with experience in the care of patients with hemophilia.
Administration: Patients should follow the specific reconstitution and administration procedures provided by their physicians. For instructions, patients should follow the recommendations in Administration and Reconstitution (see Cautions for Usage). The procedures as follows are provided as general guidelines for the reconstitution and administration of Xyntha.
Additional instructions are provided after Infusion section that detail the use of a Xyntha vial and a Xyntha Solofuse or multiple Xyntha Solofuse (see Combined Use of a Xyntha Vial Kit and a Xyntha Solofuse, and Multiple Xyntha Solofuse Reconstitution to a 10 cc or Larger Luer Lock Syringe under Cautions for Usage).
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
Xyntha Vial Kit: Xyntha is administered by IV infusion after reconstitution of the lyophilized powder with the supplied pre-filled diluent (0.9% Sodium Chloride solution) syringe.
Xyntha Solofuse: Xyntha Solofuse is administered by intravenous (IV) infusion after reconstitution of the freeze-dried powder with the diluent (0.9% Sodium Chloride). Both the Xyntha powder and the diluent are supplied within the prefilled dual-chamber syringe.
Inhibitors: Patients using factor VIII replacement therapy should be monitored for the development of factor VIII inhibitors. If expected factor VIII activity plasma levels are not attained, or if bleeding is not controlled with an appropriate dose, an assay should be performed to determine if a factor VIII inhibitor is present. In patients with factor VIII inhibitors, factor VIII therapy may not be effective and other therapeutic options should be considered. Management of such patients should be directed by physicians with experience in the care of patients with hemophilia.
Administration: Patients should follow the specific reconstitution and administration procedures provided by their physicians. For instructions, patients should follow the recommendations in Administration and Reconstitution (see Cautions for Usage). The procedures as follows are provided as general guidelines for the reconstitution and administration of Xyntha.
Additional instructions are provided after Infusion section that detail the use of a Xyntha vial and a Xyntha Solofuse or multiple Xyntha Solofuse (see Combined Use of a Xyntha Vial Kit and a Xyntha Solofuse, and Multiple Xyntha Solofuse Reconstitution to a 10 cc or Larger Luer Lock Syringe under Cautions for Usage).
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
Xyntha Vial Kit: Xyntha is administered by IV infusion after reconstitution of the lyophilized powder with the supplied pre-filled diluent (0.9% Sodium Chloride solution) syringe.
Xyntha Solofuse: Xyntha Solofuse is administered by intravenous (IV) infusion after reconstitution of the freeze-dried powder with the diluent (0.9% Sodium Chloride). Both the Xyntha powder and the diluent are supplied within the prefilled dual-chamber syringe.
Overdosage
No symptoms case of overdose have been reported with recombinant coagulation factor VIII products.
Contraindications
Xyntha may be contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to any of the constituents of the preparation.
Xyntha has not been studied in patients with a known history of hypersensitivity to hamster proteins and may be contraindicated in these patients.
Xyntha has not been studied in patients with a known history of hypersensitivity to hamster proteins and may be contraindicated in these patients.
Warnings
Anaphylaxis and severe hypersensitivity reactions are possible as with any intravenous protein product. Should such reactions occur, treatment with the product should be discontinued and appropriate treatment should be administered.
Development of activity-neutralizing antibodies has been detected in patients receiving factor VIII-containing products. If expected plasma factor VIII activity levels are not attained, or if bleeding is not controlled with an appropriate dose, an assay that measures factor VIII inhibitor concentration should be performed.
Development of activity-neutralizing antibodies has been detected in patients receiving factor VIII-containing products. If expected plasma factor VIII activity levels are not attained, or if bleeding is not controlled with an appropriate dose, an assay that measures factor VIII inhibitor concentration should be performed.
Special Precautions
General: It is recommended that, whenever possible, every time that Xyntha is administered to patients the lot number of the product is documented.
Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis: Xyntha has been shown to be nonmutagenic in the mouse micronucleus assay. No other mutagenicity studies and no investigations on carcinogenesis, impairment of fertility or fetal development have been conducted.
Drug-Drug Interactions: No formal drug interaction studies have been conducted with Xyntha. No interactions with other medicinal products are known.
Immune: The occurrence of neutralizing antibodies (inhibitors) is well known in patients receiving factor VIII-containing products. Inhibitors most commonly occur early in the treatment course of previously untreated patients, but have also been observed in patients who have previously received large amounts of factor VIII products. All patients using coagulation factor VIII products, including Xyntha, should be monitored periodically for the development of factor VIII inhibitors. In patients with inhibitors (especially high level inhibitors, above 5 Bethesda units (BU)/mL), factor VIII therapy may not be effective, and other therapeutic options should be considered. In addition, if expected factor VIII activity plasma levels are not attained, or if bleeding is not controlled with an appropriate dose, testing should be performed to determine if a factor VIII inhibitor is present. Management of such patients should be directed by physicians with experience in the care of patients with hemophilia.
Hypersensitivity: As with any intravenous protein product, allergic type hypersensitivity reactions are possible. Patients should be informed of the early signs or symptoms of hypersensitivity reactions including hives (rash with itching), generalized urticaria, tightness of the chest, wheezing, and hypotension.
If allergic or anaphylactic reactions occur, administration of Xyntha should be stopped immediately, and appropriate medical management should be given, which may include treatment for shock. Patients should be advised to discontinue use of the product and contact their hemophilia physicians and/or seek immediate emergency care, depending on the type and severity of the reaction, if any of these symptoms occur.
Effects on Ability to Drive and Use Machines: No studies on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed.
Use in Pregnancy & Lactation: No animal reproduction and lactation studies have been conducted with Xyntha. Based on the rare occurrence of hemophilia A in women, experience regarding the use of factor VIII during pregnancy is not available. Xyntha should be administered to pregnant and lactating women only if the benefit outweighs the risk.
Use in Children: Xyntha is appropriate for use in children of all ages, including newborns. Safety and efficacy studies have been performed both in previously treated children and adolescents (N=98, ages 7-18 years) and in previously untreated neonates, infants, and children (N=101, ages 0-52 months). There are no clinical data of previously untreated patients (PUPs) treated with ReFacto AF or XYNTHA. An additional ongoing clinical study is evaluating the use of Xyntha in previously treated subjects under 6 years of age with moderately severe to severe hemophilia A.
Use in the Elderly (≥ 65 years of age): Clinical studies of Xyntha did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience with factor VIII products has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. As with any patient receiving Xyntha, dose selection for an elderly patient should be individualized.
Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis: Xyntha has been shown to be nonmutagenic in the mouse micronucleus assay. No other mutagenicity studies and no investigations on carcinogenesis, impairment of fertility or fetal development have been conducted.
Drug-Drug Interactions: No formal drug interaction studies have been conducted with Xyntha. No interactions with other medicinal products are known.
Immune: The occurrence of neutralizing antibodies (inhibitors) is well known in patients receiving factor VIII-containing products. Inhibitors most commonly occur early in the treatment course of previously untreated patients, but have also been observed in patients who have previously received large amounts of factor VIII products. All patients using coagulation factor VIII products, including Xyntha, should be monitored periodically for the development of factor VIII inhibitors. In patients with inhibitors (especially high level inhibitors, above 5 Bethesda units (BU)/mL), factor VIII therapy may not be effective, and other therapeutic options should be considered. In addition, if expected factor VIII activity plasma levels are not attained, or if bleeding is not controlled with an appropriate dose, testing should be performed to determine if a factor VIII inhibitor is present. Management of such patients should be directed by physicians with experience in the care of patients with hemophilia.
Hypersensitivity: As with any intravenous protein product, allergic type hypersensitivity reactions are possible. Patients should be informed of the early signs or symptoms of hypersensitivity reactions including hives (rash with itching), generalized urticaria, tightness of the chest, wheezing, and hypotension.
If allergic or anaphylactic reactions occur, administration of Xyntha should be stopped immediately, and appropriate medical management should be given, which may include treatment for shock. Patients should be advised to discontinue use of the product and contact their hemophilia physicians and/or seek immediate emergency care, depending on the type and severity of the reaction, if any of these symptoms occur.
Effects on Ability to Drive and Use Machines: No studies on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed.
Use in Pregnancy & Lactation: No animal reproduction and lactation studies have been conducted with Xyntha. Based on the rare occurrence of hemophilia A in women, experience regarding the use of factor VIII during pregnancy is not available. Xyntha should be administered to pregnant and lactating women only if the benefit outweighs the risk.
Use in Children: Xyntha is appropriate for use in children of all ages, including newborns. Safety and efficacy studies have been performed both in previously treated children and adolescents (N=98, ages 7-18 years) and in previously untreated neonates, infants, and children (N=101, ages 0-52 months). There are no clinical data of previously untreated patients (PUPs) treated with ReFacto AF or XYNTHA. An additional ongoing clinical study is evaluating the use of Xyntha in previously treated subjects under 6 years of age with moderately severe to severe hemophilia A.
Use in the Elderly (≥ 65 years of age): Clinical studies of Xyntha did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience with factor VIII products has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. As with any patient receiving Xyntha, dose selection for an elderly patient should be individualized.
Adverse Reactions
See Table 5.
The most frequently reported treatment-emergent adverse reaction, on a per infusion basis, was vomiting. Most adverse reactions reported were considered mild or moderate in severity.
In addition, as with any intravenous protein product, allergic type hypersensitivity reactions are possible. Manifestations of hypersensitivity reactions may include hives, generalized urticaria, tightness of the chest, wheezing, hypotension, and anaphylaxis.
Patients with hemophilia A may develop neutralizing antibodies (inhibitors) to factor VIII. As with all coagulation factor VIII products, patients are to be monitored for the development of inhibitors that are quantified in Bethesda Units (BUs) using either the Bethesda assay or Bethesda assay with the Nijmegen modification. If such inhibitors occur, the condition may manifest itself as an insufficient clinical response or an unexpectedly low yield of plasma factor VIII activity. In such cases, it is recommended that a specialized hemophilia center be contacted.
Reports of lack of effect, mainly in prophylaxis patients, have been received during the clinical trials and post-marketing setting. The lack of effect and/or low factor VIII recovery has been reported in patients with inhibitors but also in patients who had no evidence of inhibitors. The lack of effect has been described as bleeding into target joints, bleeding into new joints, other bleeding or a subjective feeling by the patient of a new onset bleeding. In order to ensure an adequate therapeutic response, it is important TO INDIVIDUALLY TITRATE AND MONITOR each patient's dose of Xyntha, particularly when initiating treatment with Xyntha (see Precautions and Dosage & Administration).
If any reaction takes place that is thought to be related to the administration of Xyntha, the rate of infusion should be decreased or the infusion stopped, as dictated by the response of the patient.
In a clinical trial (Study 301), 32 out of 101 (32%) previously untreated patients treated with Xyntha manufactured by the previous process developed inhibitors: 16 out of 101 (16%) with a titer ≤ 5 Bethesda Units (BU) and 16 out of 101 (16%) with a titer ≤5 BU. The median number of exposure days prior to inhibitor development in these patients was 12 days (range 3 - 49 days). Of the 16 high responder patients, 15 received immune tolerance (IT) treatment. Eleven (11) of the high responders had a titer of <0.6 BU at their latest available test after IT. In addition, IT treatment was started in 10 of the 16 low titer (≤5 BU) patients, 9 of whom had titer <0.6 BU for their latest value. Therefore, IT had an overall efficacy of 80% (20/25), 73% for high-responders and 90% for low-responders. Five (5) of the 6 remaining low responder patients who did not receive IT also had a titer <0.6 BU for their latest value.
In a clinical trial of Xyntha manufactured by the previous process, one of 113 (0.9%) previously heavily treated patients who were evaluated for efficacy in bleeding episodes developed a high titer inhibitor. Inhibitor development in this patient occurred in the same time frame as the development of monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance. The patient was noted initially at a local laboratory to have a treatment-emergent low titer inhibitor at 98 exposure days, which was confirmed at 2 BU at the central laboratory at 113 exposure days. After 18 months on continued treatment with Xyntha, the inhibitor level rose to nearly 13 BU and a bleeding episode failed to respond to Xyntha treatment.
In a pivotal phase 3 study, in which previously treated patients (PTPs) with hemophilia A received Xyntha for routine prophylaxis and on-demand treatment, 94 subjects received at least one dose of Xyntha resulting in a total of 6775 infusions. In this study, the incidence of FVIII inhibitors to Xyntha was the primary safety endpoint. Two patients with low titer, transient inhibitors were observed in these 94 patients (2.1%). In a Bayesian statistical analysis, results from this study (two out of 94 subjects developed an inhibitor, 89 had 50 or more exposure days to XYNTHA) were used to update PTP results from prior supporting studies of Xyntha. This Bayesian analysis indicates that the population (true) inhibitor rate for Xyntha was below a predefined acceptable value of 4.4%; the estimate of the 95% upper limit of the true inhibitor rate was 4.07%.
In a pivotal phase 3 study for surgical prophylaxis in patients with hemophilia A (study 311), one low titer persistent inhibitor and one transient false-positive inhibitor were reported.
There have been spontaneous postmarketing reports of high titer inhibitors developing in previously treated patients.
Laboratory increases in anti-FVIII antibody titers, in the absence of inhibitor development, have been observed in clinical trials. In a study of PTPs receiving XYNTHA for routine treatment and prevention of bleeding episodes (study 310) and for surgical prophylaxis (study 311), 1 of 94 (1%) patients, and 1 of 30 (3%) patients, respectively, developed anti-FVIII antibodies; these patients did not develop an inhibitor. The clinical significance of these antibodies, in the absence of an inhibitor, is unclear.
In clinical trials of PTPs receiving XYNTHA for routine treatment and prevention of bleeding episodes, 0 of 94 (0%) patients in study 310, and 3 of 110 (3%) patients in study 306/307, developed a lab increase in anti-CHO (Chinese hamster ovary, the cell line which is the source of factor VIII for XYNTHA) antibody titer, without any apparent clinical effect. In a study of XYNTHA for surgical prophylaxis (study 311) 1 of 30 (3%) patients developed a lab increase for antibody to CHO. Twenty of 113 (18%) previously treated patients (PTPs) had an increase in anti-CHO (Chinese hamster ovary, the cell line which is the source of factor VIII for Xyntha) antibody titer, without any apparent clinical effect.
In addition, as with any intravenous protein product, allergic type hypersensitivity reactions are possible. Manifestations of hypersensitivity reactions may include hives, generalized urticaria, tightness of the chest, wheezing, hypotension, and anaphylaxis.
Patients with hemophilia A may develop neutralizing antibodies (inhibitors) to factor VIII. As with all coagulation factor VIII products, patients are to be monitored for the development of inhibitors that are quantified in Bethesda Units (BUs) using either the Bethesda assay or Bethesda assay with the Nijmegen modification. If such inhibitors occur, the condition may manifest itself as an insufficient clinical response or an unexpectedly low yield of plasma factor VIII activity. In such cases, it is recommended that a specialized hemophilia center be contacted.
Reports of lack of effect, mainly in prophylaxis patients, have been received during the clinical trials and post-marketing setting. The lack of effect and/or low factor VIII recovery has been reported in patients with inhibitors but also in patients who had no evidence of inhibitors. The lack of effect has been described as bleeding into target joints, bleeding into new joints, other bleeding or a subjective feeling by the patient of a new onset bleeding. In order to ensure an adequate therapeutic response, it is important TO INDIVIDUALLY TITRATE AND MONITOR each patient's dose of Xyntha, particularly when initiating treatment with Xyntha (see Precautions and Dosage & Administration).
If any reaction takes place that is thought to be related to the administration of Xyntha, the rate of infusion should be decreased or the infusion stopped, as dictated by the response of the patient.
In a clinical trial (Study 301), 32 out of 101 (32%) previously untreated patients treated with Xyntha manufactured by the previous process developed inhibitors: 16 out of 101 (16%) with a titer ≤ 5 Bethesda Units (BU) and 16 out of 101 (16%) with a titer ≤5 BU. The median number of exposure days prior to inhibitor development in these patients was 12 days (range 3 - 49 days). Of the 16 high responder patients, 15 received immune tolerance (IT) treatment. Eleven (11) of the high responders had a titer of <0.6 BU at their latest available test after IT. In addition, IT treatment was started in 10 of the 16 low titer (≤5 BU) patients, 9 of whom had titer <0.6 BU for their latest value. Therefore, IT had an overall efficacy of 80% (20/25), 73% for high-responders and 90% for low-responders. Five (5) of the 6 remaining low responder patients who did not receive IT also had a titer <0.6 BU for their latest value.
In a clinical trial of Xyntha manufactured by the previous process, one of 113 (0.9%) previously heavily treated patients who were evaluated for efficacy in bleeding episodes developed a high titer inhibitor. Inhibitor development in this patient occurred in the same time frame as the development of monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance. The patient was noted initially at a local laboratory to have a treatment-emergent low titer inhibitor at 98 exposure days, which was confirmed at 2 BU at the central laboratory at 113 exposure days. After 18 months on continued treatment with Xyntha, the inhibitor level rose to nearly 13 BU and a bleeding episode failed to respond to Xyntha treatment.
In a pivotal phase 3 study, in which previously treated patients (PTPs) with hemophilia A received Xyntha for routine prophylaxis and on-demand treatment, 94 subjects received at least one dose of Xyntha resulting in a total of 6775 infusions. In this study, the incidence of FVIII inhibitors to Xyntha was the primary safety endpoint. Two patients with low titer, transient inhibitors were observed in these 94 patients (2.1%). In a Bayesian statistical analysis, results from this study (two out of 94 subjects developed an inhibitor, 89 had 50 or more exposure days to XYNTHA) were used to update PTP results from prior supporting studies of Xyntha. This Bayesian analysis indicates that the population (true) inhibitor rate for Xyntha was below a predefined acceptable value of 4.4%; the estimate of the 95% upper limit of the true inhibitor rate was 4.07%.
In a pivotal phase 3 study for surgical prophylaxis in patients with hemophilia A (study 311), one low titer persistent inhibitor and one transient false-positive inhibitor were reported.
There have been spontaneous postmarketing reports of high titer inhibitors developing in previously treated patients.
Laboratory increases in anti-FVIII antibody titers, in the absence of inhibitor development, have been observed in clinical trials. In a study of PTPs receiving XYNTHA for routine treatment and prevention of bleeding episodes (study 310) and for surgical prophylaxis (study 311), 1 of 94 (1%) patients, and 1 of 30 (3%) patients, respectively, developed anti-FVIII antibodies; these patients did not develop an inhibitor. The clinical significance of these antibodies, in the absence of an inhibitor, is unclear.
In clinical trials of PTPs receiving XYNTHA for routine treatment and prevention of bleeding episodes, 0 of 94 (0%) patients in study 310, and 3 of 110 (3%) patients in study 306/307, developed a lab increase in anti-CHO (Chinese hamster ovary, the cell line which is the source of factor VIII for XYNTHA) antibody titer, without any apparent clinical effect. In a study of XYNTHA for surgical prophylaxis (study 311) 1 of 30 (3%) patients developed a lab increase for antibody to CHO. Twenty of 113 (18%) previously treated patients (PTPs) had an increase in anti-CHO (Chinese hamster ovary, the cell line which is the source of factor VIII for Xyntha) antibody titer, without any apparent clinical effect.
Caution For Usage
Reconstitution: Always wash hands before performing the following procedures.
Use germ-free methods during the preparation procedures.
All components used in the mixing and injection of Xyntha should be used as soon as possible after opening their sterile containers to minimize unnecessary exposure to room air.
Xyntha Vial Kit: Use only the materials provided in the Xyntha kit for dissolving the Xyntha powder with the sodium chloride diluent. Xyntha is administered by intravenous injection after dissolving with the supplied diluent (0.9% sodium chloride) in the pre-filled syringe. Note: If the patient uses more than one vial of Xyntha per injection, each vial should be dissolved according to the following instructions. The empty syringe should be removed leaving the vial adapter in place, and a separate large Luer lock syringe may be used to draw back the dissolved contents of each vial.
Do not detach the diluent syringes or the large Luer lock syringe until the patient is ready to attach the large Luer lock syringe to the next vial adapter.
Xyntha Solofuse: Note: If the patient uses more than one vial and/or prefilled dual-chamber syringe of Xyntha per infusion, each vial and/or syringe should be reconstituted according to the instructions for that respective product kit. A separate 10 cc or larger Luer lock syringe (not included in this kit) may be used to draw back the reconstituted contents of each vial or syringe.
Xyntha Vial Kit: 1. Allow the vial of freeze-dried Xyntha powder and the pre-filled diluent syringe to reach room temperature.
2. Remove the plastic flip-top cap from the Xyntha vial to expose the central portions of the rubber stopper.
3. Wipe the top of the vial with the alcohol swab provided, or use another antiseptic solution, and allow to dry. After cleaning, do not touch the rubber stopper with the hand or allow it to touch any surface.
4. Peel back the cover from the clear plastic vial adapter package. Do not remove the adapter from the package.
5. Place the vial on a flat surface. While holding the adapter in the package, place the vial adapter over the vial. Press down firmly on the package until the adapter snaps into place on top of the vial, with the adapter spike penetrating the vial stopper.
6. Grasp the plunger rod as shown in the diagram. Avoid contact with the shaft of the plunger rod. Attach the threaded end of the plunger rod to the diluent syringe by pushing and turning firmly.
7. Break off the tamper-resistant, plastic-tip cap from the diluent syringe by snapping the perforation of the cap. This is done by bending the cap up and down until the perforation is broken.
Do not touch the inside of the cap or the syringe tip. The diluent syringe may need to be recapped (if the dissolved Xyntha is not used immediately), so place the cap on its top on a clean surface in a spot where it would be least likely to become contaminated.
8. Lift the package away from the adapter and discard the package.
9. Place the vial on a flat surface. Connect the diluent syringe to the vial adapter by inserting the tip of the syringe into the adapter opening while firmly pushing and turning the syringe clockwise until the connection is secured.
10. Slowly depress the plunger rod to inject all the diluent into the Xyntha vial.
11. With the syringe still connected to the adapter, gently swirl the contents of the vial until the powder is dissolved.
Note: The final solution should be inspected visually for particulate matter before administration. The solution should be clear to slightly pearly and colorless. If it is not, the solution should be discarded and a new kit should be used.
12. Ensuring that the syringe plunger rod is still fully depressed, invert the vial. Slowly draw the solution into the syringe.
Note: If the patient has prepared more than one vial of Xyntha, remove the diluent syringe from the vial adapter, leaving the vial adapter attached to the vial.
Quickly attach a separate large Luer lock syringe and draw back the dissolved contents as instructed previously. Repeat this procedure with each vial in turn. Do not detach the diluent syringes or the large Luer lock syringe until the patient is ready to attach the large Luer lock syringe to the next vial adapter.
13. Detach the syringe from the vial adapter by gently pulling and turning the syringe counterclockwise. Discard the vial with the adapter attached.
Note: If the solution is not to be used immediately, the syringe cap should be carefully replaced. Do not touch the syringe tip or the inside of the cap.
Xyntha should be infused within 3 hours after dissolving. The dissolved solution may be stored at room temperature prior to infusion.
Xyntha Solofuse: 1. Allow the prefilled dual-chamber syringe of freeze-dried Xyntha to reach room temperature.
2. Remove the contents of the Xyntha Solofuse Kit and place on a clean surface, making sure the patient has all the supplies he/she will need.
3. Grasp the plunger rod as shown in the following diagram. Avoid contact with the shaft of the plunger rod. Screw the plunger rod firmly into the opening in the finger rest of the Xyntha Solofuse by pushing and turning firmly until resistance is felt (approximately 2 turns).
Note: Once the white tamper-evident seal is removed it is important to keep the Xyntha Solofuse in the upright position throughout the reconstitution process to prevent possible leakage. Throughout the reconstitution process, it is important to keep the Xyntha Solofuse upright to prevent possible leakage.
4. Holding the Xyntha Solofuse upright, remove the white tamper-evident seal by bending the seal right to left (or a gentle rocking motion) to break the perforation of the cap and expose the grey rubber tip cap of the Xyntha Solofuse.
5. Remove the protective blue vented sterile cap from its package. While holding the Xyntha Solofuse upright, remove the grey rubber tip cap and replace it with the protective blue vented cap (prevents pressure build-up). Avoid touching the open end of both the syringe and the protective blue vented cap.
6. Gently and slowly advance the plunger rod by pushing until the two stoppers inside the Xyntha Solofuse meet, and all of the diluent is transferred to the chamber containing the Xyntha powder.
Note: To prevent the escape of fluid from the tip of the syringe, the plunger rod should not be pushed with excessive force.
7. With the Xyntha Solofuse remaining upright, swirl gently several times until the powder is dissolved.
Note: The final solution should be inspected visually for particulate matter before administration. The solution should be clear to slightly pearly and colorless. If it is not, the solution should be discarded and a new kit should be used.
8. Again, holding the Xyntha Solofuse in an upright position, slowly advance the plunger rod until most, but not all, of the air is removed from the drug product chamber. The reconstituted solution may be stored at room temperature prior to administration, but should be administered within 3 hours after reconstitution or removal of the grey rubber tip cap. If the solution is not used immediately, the syringe should be stored upright and the protective blue vent cap should remain on the Xyntha Solofuse until ready to infuse.
Infusion (Intravenous Injection): Xyntha, when reconstituted, contains polysorbate-80, which is known to increase the rate of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) extraction from polyvinyl chloride (PVC). This should be considered during the preparation and administration of Xyntha, including storage time elapsed in a PVC container following reconstitution.
It is important that the recommendations in Dosage & Administration section be followed closely.
Note: The tubing of the infusion set included with Xyntha vial kit and Xyntha Solofuse kit does not contain DEHP.
Xyntha Vial kit: The patient should inject Xyntha as instructed by the hemophilia doctor or nurse. Once the patient learns how to self-infuse, the patient can follow the instructions in this insert. Always wash hands before doing the following procedures. Germ-free methods should be used during injection.
Xyntha should be administered using the pre-filled diluent syringe provided or a single sterile disposable plastic Luer-lock syringe.
In addition, the solution should be withdrawn from the vial using the vial adapter.
1. Attach the syringe to the Luer end of the provided infusion set tubing and perform venipuncture as instructed by the hemophilia doctor or nurse.
2. Apply a tourniquet and prepare the injection site by wiping the skin well with an alcohol swab provided in the kit.
3. Insert the needle on the infusion set tubing into the vein, and remove the tourniquet. Infuse the reconstituted Xyntha product over several minutes. The comfort level should determine the rate of infusion.
4. After injecting Xyntha, remove the infusion set and discard. The amount of drug product left in the infusion set will not affect the treatment.
Dispose of all unused solution, the empty vial(s), and the used needles and syringes in an appropriate sharps container used for throwing away waste that might hurt others if not handled properly. The patient should record the lot number of the product every time he/she uses Xyntha. The lot number can be found on the vial label. The peel-off label on the vial may be used to record the lot number. In the absence of incompatibility studies, reconstituted Xyntha should not be administered in the same tubing or container with other medicinal products.
Infusion kit components supplied in this carton are compatible with Xyntha for administration.
The reconstituted Xyntha solution does not contain a preservative and should be used within 3 hours of reconstitution.
Xyntha Solofuse: Xyntha is administered by intravenous (IV) infusion after reconstitution of the freeze-dried powder with the diluent (0.9% Sodium Chloride).
Both the Xyntha powder and the diluent are supplied within the prefilled dual-chamber syringe. Parenteral drug products should be inspected for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. Xyntha, as provided in the prefilled dual-chamber syringe, should routinely be administered using the infusion set included in the kit.
1. After removing the protective blue vented cap, firmly attach the intravenous infusion set provided onto the Xyntha Solofuse.
2. Apply a tourniquet and prepare the injection site by wiping the skin well with an alcohol swab provided in the kit.
3. Remove the protective needle cover and perform venipuncture. Insert the needle on the infusion set tubing into the vein, and remove the tourniquet.
The reconstituted Xyntha product should be injected intravenously over several minutes.
The rate of administration should be determined by the patient's comfort level. As with any intravenous administration, always verify proper needle placement.
Reconstituted Xyntha should not be administered in the same tubing or container with other medicinal products.
4. After infusing Xyntha, remove the infusion set and discard. The amount of drug product left in the infusion set will not affect treatment.
Note: Dispose of all unused solution, the empty Xyntha Solofuse, and other used medical supplies in an appropriate container for throwing away medical waste that might hurt others if not handled properly.
Combined Use of a Xyntha Vial Kit and a Xyntha Solofuse Kit: These instructions are for the combined use of only one Xyntha vial kit and one Xyntha Solofuse Kit.
1. Reconstitute the Xyntha vial using the instructions included with the kit. Detach the empty diluent syringe from the vial adapter by gently turning and pulling the syringe counterclockwise, leaving the contents in the vial and the vial adapter in place.
2. Reconstitute the Xyntha Solofuse using the instructions included with the kit, remembering to remove most, but not all, of the air from the drug product chamber.
3. After removing the protective blue vented cap, connect the Xyntha Solofuse to the vial adapter by inserting the tip into the adapter opening while firmly pushing and turning the syringe clockwise until secured.
4. Slowly depress the plunger rod of the Xyntha Solofuse until the contents empty into the Xyntha vial. The plunger rod may move back slightly after release.
5. Detach and discard the empty Xyntha Solofuse from the vial adapter. Note: If the syringe turns without detaching from the vial adapter, grasp the white collar and turn.
6. Connect a sterile 10 cc or larger Luer lock syringe to the vial adapter. The patient may want to inject some air into the vial to make withdrawing the vial contents easier.
7. Invert the vial and slowly draw the solution into the 10 cc or larger Luer lock syringe.
8. Detach the syringe from the vial adapter by gently turning and pulling the syringe counterclockwise. Discard the vial with the adapter attached.
9. Attach the infusion set to the 10 cc or larger Luer lock syringe as directed (see Dosage & Administration).
Note: Dispose of all unused solution, the empty Xyntha Solofuse, and other used medical supplies in an appropriate container for throwing away medical waste that might hurt others if not handled properly. Multiple Xyntha Solofuse Reconstitution to a 10 cc or Larger Luer Lock Syringe: The instructions as follows are for the use of multiple Xyntha Solofuse kits with a 10 cc or larger Luer lock syringe.
Note: Luer-to-Luer syringe connectors are not provided in these kits. Instruct patients to contact Pfizer for information on how to obtain the Luer-to-Luer syringe connectors.
1. Reconstitute all Xyntha Solofuse according to instructions shown previously (see Dosage & Administration).
Holding the Xyntha Solofuse in an upright position, slowly advance the plunger rod until most, but not all, of the air is removed from the drug product chamber.
2. Remove the luer-to-luer syringe connector from its package.
3. After removing the protective blue vented cap, connect a sterile 10 cc or larger luer lock syringe to one opening (port) in the syringe connector and the Xyntha Solofuse to the remaining open port on the opposite end.
4. With the Xyntha Solofuse on top, slowly depress the plunger rod until the contents empty into the 10 cc or larger luer lock syringe.
5. Remove the empty Xyntha Solofuse and repeat procedures 3 and 4 as previously mentioned for any additional reconstituted syringes.
6. Remove the luer-to-luer syringe connector from the 10 cc or larger luer lock syringe and attach the infusion set as directed (see Dosage & Administration).
Note: Dispose of all unused solution, the empty Xyntha Solofuse, and other used medical supplies in an appropriate container for throwing away medical waste that might hurt others if not handled properly.
Special Handling Instructions: Freezing should be avoided to prevent damage to the pre-filled diluent syringe. During storage, avoid prolonged exposure of Xyntha vial to light.
Use germ-free methods during the preparation procedures.
All components used in the mixing and injection of Xyntha should be used as soon as possible after opening their sterile containers to minimize unnecessary exposure to room air.
Xyntha Vial Kit: Use only the materials provided in the Xyntha kit for dissolving the Xyntha powder with the sodium chloride diluent. Xyntha is administered by intravenous injection after dissolving with the supplied diluent (0.9% sodium chloride) in the pre-filled syringe. Note: If the patient uses more than one vial of Xyntha per injection, each vial should be dissolved according to the following instructions. The empty syringe should be removed leaving the vial adapter in place, and a separate large Luer lock syringe may be used to draw back the dissolved contents of each vial.
Do not detach the diluent syringes or the large Luer lock syringe until the patient is ready to attach the large Luer lock syringe to the next vial adapter.
Xyntha Solofuse: Note: If the patient uses more than one vial and/or prefilled dual-chamber syringe of Xyntha per infusion, each vial and/or syringe should be reconstituted according to the instructions for that respective product kit. A separate 10 cc or larger Luer lock syringe (not included in this kit) may be used to draw back the reconstituted contents of each vial or syringe.
Xyntha Vial Kit: 1. Allow the vial of freeze-dried Xyntha powder and the pre-filled diluent syringe to reach room temperature.
2. Remove the plastic flip-top cap from the Xyntha vial to expose the central portions of the rubber stopper.
3. Wipe the top of the vial with the alcohol swab provided, or use another antiseptic solution, and allow to dry. After cleaning, do not touch the rubber stopper with the hand or allow it to touch any surface.
4. Peel back the cover from the clear plastic vial adapter package. Do not remove the adapter from the package.
5. Place the vial on a flat surface. While holding the adapter in the package, place the vial adapter over the vial. Press down firmly on the package until the adapter snaps into place on top of the vial, with the adapter spike penetrating the vial stopper.
6. Grasp the plunger rod as shown in the diagram. Avoid contact with the shaft of the plunger rod. Attach the threaded end of the plunger rod to the diluent syringe by pushing and turning firmly.
7. Break off the tamper-resistant, plastic-tip cap from the diluent syringe by snapping the perforation of the cap. This is done by bending the cap up and down until the perforation is broken.
Do not touch the inside of the cap or the syringe tip. The diluent syringe may need to be recapped (if the dissolved Xyntha is not used immediately), so place the cap on its top on a clean surface in a spot where it would be least likely to become contaminated.
8. Lift the package away from the adapter and discard the package.
9. Place the vial on a flat surface. Connect the diluent syringe to the vial adapter by inserting the tip of the syringe into the adapter opening while firmly pushing and turning the syringe clockwise until the connection is secured.
10. Slowly depress the plunger rod to inject all the diluent into the Xyntha vial.
11. With the syringe still connected to the adapter, gently swirl the contents of the vial until the powder is dissolved.
Note: The final solution should be inspected visually for particulate matter before administration. The solution should be clear to slightly pearly and colorless. If it is not, the solution should be discarded and a new kit should be used.
12. Ensuring that the syringe plunger rod is still fully depressed, invert the vial. Slowly draw the solution into the syringe.
Note: If the patient has prepared more than one vial of Xyntha, remove the diluent syringe from the vial adapter, leaving the vial adapter attached to the vial.
Quickly attach a separate large Luer lock syringe and draw back the dissolved contents as instructed previously. Repeat this procedure with each vial in turn. Do not detach the diluent syringes or the large Luer lock syringe until the patient is ready to attach the large Luer lock syringe to the next vial adapter.
13. Detach the syringe from the vial adapter by gently pulling and turning the syringe counterclockwise. Discard the vial with the adapter attached.
Note: If the solution is not to be used immediately, the syringe cap should be carefully replaced. Do not touch the syringe tip or the inside of the cap.
Xyntha should be infused within 3 hours after dissolving. The dissolved solution may be stored at room temperature prior to infusion.
Xyntha Solofuse: 1. Allow the prefilled dual-chamber syringe of freeze-dried Xyntha to reach room temperature.
2. Remove the contents of the Xyntha Solofuse Kit and place on a clean surface, making sure the patient has all the supplies he/she will need.
3. Grasp the plunger rod as shown in the following diagram. Avoid contact with the shaft of the plunger rod. Screw the plunger rod firmly into the opening in the finger rest of the Xyntha Solofuse by pushing and turning firmly until resistance is felt (approximately 2 turns).
Note: Once the white tamper-evident seal is removed it is important to keep the Xyntha Solofuse in the upright position throughout the reconstitution process to prevent possible leakage. Throughout the reconstitution process, it is important to keep the Xyntha Solofuse upright to prevent possible leakage.
4. Holding the Xyntha Solofuse upright, remove the white tamper-evident seal by bending the seal right to left (or a gentle rocking motion) to break the perforation of the cap and expose the grey rubber tip cap of the Xyntha Solofuse.
5. Remove the protective blue vented sterile cap from its package. While holding the Xyntha Solofuse upright, remove the grey rubber tip cap and replace it with the protective blue vented cap (prevents pressure build-up). Avoid touching the open end of both the syringe and the protective blue vented cap.
6. Gently and slowly advance the plunger rod by pushing until the two stoppers inside the Xyntha Solofuse meet, and all of the diluent is transferred to the chamber containing the Xyntha powder.
Note: To prevent the escape of fluid from the tip of the syringe, the plunger rod should not be pushed with excessive force.
7. With the Xyntha Solofuse remaining upright, swirl gently several times until the powder is dissolved.
Note: The final solution should be inspected visually for particulate matter before administration. The solution should be clear to slightly pearly and colorless. If it is not, the solution should be discarded and a new kit should be used.
8. Again, holding the Xyntha Solofuse in an upright position, slowly advance the plunger rod until most, but not all, of the air is removed from the drug product chamber. The reconstituted solution may be stored at room temperature prior to administration, but should be administered within 3 hours after reconstitution or removal of the grey rubber tip cap. If the solution is not used immediately, the syringe should be stored upright and the protective blue vent cap should remain on the Xyntha Solofuse until ready to infuse.
Infusion (Intravenous Injection): Xyntha, when reconstituted, contains polysorbate-80, which is known to increase the rate of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) extraction from polyvinyl chloride (PVC). This should be considered during the preparation and administration of Xyntha, including storage time elapsed in a PVC container following reconstitution.
It is important that the recommendations in Dosage & Administration section be followed closely.
Note: The tubing of the infusion set included with Xyntha vial kit and Xyntha Solofuse kit does not contain DEHP.
Xyntha Vial kit: The patient should inject Xyntha as instructed by the hemophilia doctor or nurse. Once the patient learns how to self-infuse, the patient can follow the instructions in this insert. Always wash hands before doing the following procedures. Germ-free methods should be used during injection.
Xyntha should be administered using the pre-filled diluent syringe provided or a single sterile disposable plastic Luer-lock syringe.
In addition, the solution should be withdrawn from the vial using the vial adapter.
1. Attach the syringe to the Luer end of the provided infusion set tubing and perform venipuncture as instructed by the hemophilia doctor or nurse.
2. Apply a tourniquet and prepare the injection site by wiping the skin well with an alcohol swab provided in the kit.
3. Insert the needle on the infusion set tubing into the vein, and remove the tourniquet. Infuse the reconstituted Xyntha product over several minutes. The comfort level should determine the rate of infusion.
4. After injecting Xyntha, remove the infusion set and discard. The amount of drug product left in the infusion set will not affect the treatment.
Dispose of all unused solution, the empty vial(s), and the used needles and syringes in an appropriate sharps container used for throwing away waste that might hurt others if not handled properly. The patient should record the lot number of the product every time he/she uses Xyntha. The lot number can be found on the vial label. The peel-off label on the vial may be used to record the lot number. In the absence of incompatibility studies, reconstituted Xyntha should not be administered in the same tubing or container with other medicinal products.
Infusion kit components supplied in this carton are compatible with Xyntha for administration.
The reconstituted Xyntha solution does not contain a preservative and should be used within 3 hours of reconstitution.
Xyntha Solofuse: Xyntha is administered by intravenous (IV) infusion after reconstitution of the freeze-dried powder with the diluent (0.9% Sodium Chloride).
Both the Xyntha powder and the diluent are supplied within the prefilled dual-chamber syringe. Parenteral drug products should be inspected for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. Xyntha, as provided in the prefilled dual-chamber syringe, should routinely be administered using the infusion set included in the kit.
1. After removing the protective blue vented cap, firmly attach the intravenous infusion set provided onto the Xyntha Solofuse.
2. Apply a tourniquet and prepare the injection site by wiping the skin well with an alcohol swab provided in the kit.
3. Remove the protective needle cover and perform venipuncture. Insert the needle on the infusion set tubing into the vein, and remove the tourniquet.
The reconstituted Xyntha product should be injected intravenously over several minutes.
The rate of administration should be determined by the patient's comfort level. As with any intravenous administration, always verify proper needle placement.
Reconstituted Xyntha should not be administered in the same tubing or container with other medicinal products.
4. After infusing Xyntha, remove the infusion set and discard. The amount of drug product left in the infusion set will not affect treatment.
Note: Dispose of all unused solution, the empty Xyntha Solofuse, and other used medical supplies in an appropriate container for throwing away medical waste that might hurt others if not handled properly.
Combined Use of a Xyntha Vial Kit and a Xyntha Solofuse Kit: These instructions are for the combined use of only one Xyntha vial kit and one Xyntha Solofuse Kit.
1. Reconstitute the Xyntha vial using the instructions included with the kit. Detach the empty diluent syringe from the vial adapter by gently turning and pulling the syringe counterclockwise, leaving the contents in the vial and the vial adapter in place.
2. Reconstitute the Xyntha Solofuse using the instructions included with the kit, remembering to remove most, but not all, of the air from the drug product chamber.
3. After removing the protective blue vented cap, connect the Xyntha Solofuse to the vial adapter by inserting the tip into the adapter opening while firmly pushing and turning the syringe clockwise until secured.
4. Slowly depress the plunger rod of the Xyntha Solofuse until the contents empty into the Xyntha vial. The plunger rod may move back slightly after release.
5. Detach and discard the empty Xyntha Solofuse from the vial adapter. Note: If the syringe turns without detaching from the vial adapter, grasp the white collar and turn.
6. Connect a sterile 10 cc or larger Luer lock syringe to the vial adapter. The patient may want to inject some air into the vial to make withdrawing the vial contents easier.
7. Invert the vial and slowly draw the solution into the 10 cc or larger Luer lock syringe.
8. Detach the syringe from the vial adapter by gently turning and pulling the syringe counterclockwise. Discard the vial with the adapter attached.
9. Attach the infusion set to the 10 cc or larger Luer lock syringe as directed (see Dosage & Administration).
Note: Dispose of all unused solution, the empty Xyntha Solofuse, and other used medical supplies in an appropriate container for throwing away medical waste that might hurt others if not handled properly. Multiple Xyntha Solofuse Reconstitution to a 10 cc or Larger Luer Lock Syringe: The instructions as follows are for the use of multiple Xyntha Solofuse kits with a 10 cc or larger Luer lock syringe.
Note: Luer-to-Luer syringe connectors are not provided in these kits. Instruct patients to contact Pfizer for information on how to obtain the Luer-to-Luer syringe connectors.
1. Reconstitute all Xyntha Solofuse according to instructions shown previously (see Dosage & Administration).
Holding the Xyntha Solofuse in an upright position, slowly advance the plunger rod until most, but not all, of the air is removed from the drug product chamber.
2. Remove the luer-to-luer syringe connector from its package.
3. After removing the protective blue vented cap, connect a sterile 10 cc or larger luer lock syringe to one opening (port) in the syringe connector and the Xyntha Solofuse to the remaining open port on the opposite end.
4. With the Xyntha Solofuse on top, slowly depress the plunger rod until the contents empty into the 10 cc or larger luer lock syringe.
5. Remove the empty Xyntha Solofuse and repeat procedures 3 and 4 as previously mentioned for any additional reconstituted syringes.
6. Remove the luer-to-luer syringe connector from the 10 cc or larger luer lock syringe and attach the infusion set as directed (see Dosage & Administration).
Note: Dispose of all unused solution, the empty Xyntha Solofuse, and other used medical supplies in an appropriate container for throwing away medical waste that might hurt others if not handled properly.
Special Handling Instructions: Freezing should be avoided to prevent damage to the pre-filled diluent syringe. During storage, avoid prolonged exposure of Xyntha vial to light.
Storage
Xyntha Vial Kit: Xyntha Antihemophilic Factor (Recombinant) should be stored under refrigeration at a temperature of 2° to 8°C. Xyntha vial may also be stored at room temperature not to exceed 25°C for up to 3 months. The diluent syringe should be stored at 2° to 25°C and should not be used subsequent to expiration of the Xyntha drug product. The patient should write in the space provided on the outer carton the date the product was placed at room temperature. After room temperature storage, the product can be returned to refrigerated storage until the expiration date. Do not store Xyntha vial at room temperature and return it to refrigerated storage more than once. Do not use Xyntha vial after the expiry date on the label.
Xyntha Solofuse: Xyntha Antihemophilic Factor (Recombinant) should be stored under refrigeration at a temperature of 2° to 8°C. Xyntha Solofuse may also be stored at room temperature not to exceed 25°C for up to 3 months. The patient should write in the space provided on the outer carton the date the product was placed at room temperature. After room temperature storage, the product can be returned to refrigerated storage until the expiration date. Do not store Xyntha at room temperature and return it to refrigerated storage more than once. Do not use Xyntha Solofuse after the expiry date on the label.
Xyntha Vial Kit: Product after reconstitution: The reconstituted solution may be stored at room temperature prior to administration. The product does not contain a preservative and should be used within 3 hours.
Xyntha Solofuse: Product after reconstitution: Xyntha should be infused within 3 hours after reconstitution or after removal of the grey rubber tip cap from the Xyntha Solofuse. The reconstituted solution may be stored at room temperature prior to infusion.
Xyntha Solofuse: Xyntha Antihemophilic Factor (Recombinant) should be stored under refrigeration at a temperature of 2° to 8°C. Xyntha Solofuse may also be stored at room temperature not to exceed 25°C for up to 3 months. The patient should write in the space provided on the outer carton the date the product was placed at room temperature. After room temperature storage, the product can be returned to refrigerated storage until the expiration date. Do not store Xyntha at room temperature and return it to refrigerated storage more than once. Do not use Xyntha Solofuse after the expiry date on the label.
Xyntha Vial Kit: Product after reconstitution: The reconstituted solution may be stored at room temperature prior to administration. The product does not contain a preservative and should be used within 3 hours.
Xyntha Solofuse: Product after reconstitution: Xyntha should be infused within 3 hours after reconstitution or after removal of the grey rubber tip cap from the Xyntha Solofuse. The reconstituted solution may be stored at room temperature prior to infusion.
Action
Pharmacology: Mechanism of Action: Xyntha is a glycoprotein with an approximate molecular mass of 170 000 Da consisting of 1438 amino acids. Xyntha is a recombinant DNA-based substance which has functional characteristics comparable to those of endogenous factor VIII. Activated factor VIII acts as a cofactor for activated factor IX accelerating the conversion of factor X to activated factor X. Activated factor X converts prothrombin into thrombin. Thrombin then converts fibrinogen into fibrin which forms an insoluble clot.
Pharmacodynamics: Factor VIII is the specific clotting factor deficient in patients with hemophilia A (classical hemophilia). The administration of Xyntha, Antihemophilic Factor (Recombinant)[BDDrFVIII] increases plasma levels of factor VIII and can temporarily correct the coagulation defect in these patients.
Clinical Trials: In a pivotal phase 3 study, the efficacy of Xyntha was evaluated in routine prophylaxis and on-demand treatment. Prophylaxis was to be initiated at a dose of 30 IU/kg given 3 times per week. The on-demand treatment dosing regimen was to be determined by the investigator. Ninety-four (94) PTPs with moderately severe or severe hemophilia A (FVIII:C ≤2%) received at least 1 dose of Xyntha and were included in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population. Eighty-nine (89) patients accrued at least 50 exposure days (EDs) to Xyntha in the study.
Of the 94 patients in the ITT population, 30 patients with FVIII:C ≤1% also participated in the double-blind, randomized, crossover PK period of the study and were included in the per-protocol population for analyses of bioequivalence versus another rFVIII product Advate and full pharmacokinetic characterization. Both endpoints were surrogate markers for clinical efficacy. The results of these analyses showed that Xyntha is bioequivalent to Advate and the pharmacokinetic profile of Xyntha remained stable after 6 months of repeated use.
Intent-to-treat analysis of clinical efficacy variables in the open-label safety and efficacy period yielded similarly positive outcomes. All 94 patients received Xyntha for routine prophylaxis; the median dose administered was 30.2 IU/kg (range, 6.8 to 76.9 IU/kg). Most patients (57/94; 60.6%) reported no spontaneous bleeding while on routine prophylaxis. The median annualized bleeding rate (ABR) for all bleeding episodes was 1.9 (mean 3.9, range 0 to 42.1), indicating effective prevention of bleeding in the study population. Fifty-three (53) of 94 patients received Xyntha for on-demand treatment; the median dose administered was 30.6 IU/kg (range, 6.4 to 74.4 IU/kg). The majority of bleeding episodes (173/187; 92.5%) resolved with 1 or 2 infusions. This outcome was not restricted to any particular bleeding location as similar efficacy was seen in bleeding occurring in joints, soft tissues/muscles, and other sites. A wide range of doses was used to initiate treatment of bleeding; however, the distribution of doses used to initiate treatment of bleeding was similar regardless of location of bleeding. Patients rated the majority of infusions used to initiate treatment of bleeding as either excellent or good (132/187; 70.6%). The incidence of less than expected therapeutic effect (LETE) occurred at a rate of 0.4% (25/6404 prophylactic infusions) when Xyntha was administered for prophylaxis and 0.5% (1/187 bleeding episodes) when administered for on-demand treatment.
In another series of clinical trials, the efficacy of Xyntha manufactured by the previous process was evaluated in uncontrolled phase 3 studies of 113 PTPs and 101 PUPs who received Xyntha manufactured by the previous process for on-demand treatment, routine prophylaxis, and/or surgical prophylaxis and were followed for up to 6 years. Hemostatic efficacy was rated on an ordinal scale of excellent, good, fair, and none.
In 112 of 113 PTPs treated on demand, a total of 10,882 bleeding episodes were reported, with a median of 77.5 bleeding episodes per study subject. Of these, the hemostatic efficacy of Xyntha manufactured by the previous process was assessed following the first infusion for treatment of 10,445 bleeding episodes: 9944 (95%) were rated excellent or good in their response to treatment, 429 (4%) were rated fair, and 72 (0.7%) were rated as having no response; 4% (437/10,882) of the bleeding episodes were not rated. Of the 10,882 bleeding episodes, 7981 (73%) were managed with a single infusion, 1612 (15%) required 2 infusions, 623 (6%) required 3 infusions, and 666 (6%) required 4 or more infusions for satisfactory resolution. The mean dose per infusion was 31 IU/kg.
In 100 of 101 PUPs treated on demand, a total of 2715 bleeding episodes were reported with a median of 19.5 bleeding episodes per study subject. Of these, the hemostatic efficacy of Xyntha manufactured by the previous process was assessed following the first infusion for treatment of 2604 bleeding episodes: 2459 (94%) were rated excellent or good in their response to treatment, 142 (5%) were rated fair, and 3 (0.1%) were rated as having no response; 4% (111/2,715) of the bleeding episodes were not rated. Of the 2715 bleeding episodes, 1794 (66%) were managed with a single infusion, 502 (19%) required 2 infusions, 229 (8%) required 3 infusions, and 190 (7%) required 4 or more infusions for satisfactory resolution. The mean dose per infusion was 51 IU/kg.
Xyntha manufactured by the previous process has been studied in short-term routine prophylaxis. In uncontrolled phase 3 clinical trials, a mean dose of 27 ± 11 IU/kg per infusion in PTPs (n=85) and a mean dose of 49 ± 17 IU/kg per infusion in PUPs (n=45) was given repeatedly at variable intervals (for PTPs: median 94 weeks, range 3-296 weeks; for PUPs: median 61 weeks, range 2-222 weeks). In PTPs and PUPs, the mean rate of spontaneous musculoskeletal bleeding episodes was lower during periods of routine prophylaxis. PTPs (n=85) had a mean of 10 bleeding episodes (spontaneous and injury-related) per year during the prophylactic periods compared to a mean of 25 bleeding episodes per year during on-demand periods. PUPs (n=45) had a mean of 6 bleeding episodes (spontaneous and injury-related) per year during the prophylactic periods compared to a mean of 11 bleeding episodes per year during the on-demand periods. These non-randomized trial results should be interpreted with caution, as the investigators exercised their own discretion in deciding when and in whom prophylaxis was to be initiated and terminated.
A pivotal phase 3 study (Study 311) for surgical prophylaxis in patients with hemophilia A included PTPs with severe or moderately severe (FVIII:C≤2%) hemophilia A undergoing major surgical procedures who received XYNTHA. Thirty (30) patients were treated with XYNTHA or and comprised the ITT population; 29 patients underwent major surgery and completed the study. Thirty (30) subjects were assigned to receive XYNTHA by bolus injection (BI; 22 patients) or by continuous infusion (CI; 8 patients) at the physician's discretion to support surgical hemostasis followed by inpatient and outpatient postoperative care. One subject assigned to CI received XYNTHA for a pre-surgery pharmacokinetic assessment only and subsequently elected not to undergo surgery. The 22 patients treated by BI received a total of 942 infusions (ranging from 16 to 72 infusions per patient) for a cumulative total dose of 2,037,386 IU of XYNTHA over 682 cumulative total exposure days (EDs) (ranging from 15 to 40 EDs per patient). The 8 patients assigned to treatment by CI, including 1 patient who received only 1 dose for PK assessment, received a total dose of 529,977 IU of XYNTHA over 204 total EDs (range 1 to 37 EDs per patient).
Of the 29 patients who underwent surgery, 25 were included in the efficacy evaluable population. Major surgical procedures for the 25 efficacy evaluable subjects were 11 total knee replacements, 1 hip replacement, 5 synovectomies, 1 left ulnar nerve transposition release, 1 ventral hernia repair/scar revision, 1 knee arthroscopy, 1 revision and debridement of the knee after a total knee replacement, 1 hip arthroplasty revision, 1 stapes replacement, 1 ankle arthrodesis, and 1 pseudotumor excision. For the 25 surgical subjects, investigator's ratings of the efficacy at the end of surgery were excellent for 72% (18/25) and good for 28% (7/25) of patients and at the end of the initial postoperative period were excellent for 92% (23/25) and good for 8% (2/25) of patients. Intraoperative blood loss was reported as normal or absent for all procedures. Thirteen of the 25 evaluable patients had blood loss in the postoperative period, and in 10 cases the postoperative blood loss was rated normal. In 3 cases, the postoperative blood loss was rated abnormal: 1 due to hemorrhage following surgical trauma to the epigastric artery, 1 due to an 800 mL blood loss after hip replacement surgery, and 1 after an elbow synovectomy where the blood loss could not be measured by the investigator.
In a supporting study of Xyntha, there were 6 surgical procedures that were classified as major per the definitions of the pivotal surgery study. In all cases, hemostatic efficacy was effectively managed with Xyntha. No patient had blood loss greater than 50 mL, and no blood transfusions were given.
Detailed Pharmacology: Pharmacology studies of BDDrFVIII in a canine model of hemophilia A indicate that it can correct genetically deficient hemostasis. BDDrFVIII exhibits similar interactions similar to those of plasma-derived factor VIII with von Willebrand Factor (vWF), similar cofactor activity in the activation of factor X to Xa as well as similar activation and inactivation profiles with thrombin and Protein C.
In a pharmacokinetic study in hemophilic dogs, elimination and half-life were similar for BDDrFVIII and plasma-derived factor VIII product (Octonativ-M). Clearance and volume of distribution at steady state of BDDrFVIII were lower than for Octonativ-M; however, these differences were not considered to be clinically relevant. In a pharmacokinetic study in cynomologus monkeys, the activity time profiles and pharmacokinetic parameter estimates of [BDDrFVIII] and a single-polypeptide-chain 170 kDa form of the product were similar, indicating that any unprocessed 170 kDa protein remaining in the final product should not have any effect on the pharmacokinetics of BDDrFVIII.
Human: Factor VIII is the specific clotting factor deficient in patients with hemophilia A.
Clinical studies involving a total of 457 treated patients (317 PTPs, 101 PUPs, 5 patients participating only in PK studies and 34 patients participating only in the surgical studies) demonstrate that Xyntha can be used safely and effectively in the treatment or prevention of hemorrhage, including hemarthroses in hemophilia A patients. Xyntha has been shown to be effective in routine prophylaxis. In clinical trials, an average dose of 27 IU/kg (n= 85) or 30 IU/kg (n=94) in PTPs and an average dose of 50 IU/kg in PUPs (n= 45) given regularly two or more times a week prevented or reduced breakthrough spontaneous musculoskeletal bleeding episodes. Management of hemostasis was evaluated in the surgical setting (75 surgical procedures, 64 patients). Circulatory factor VIII levels targeted to restore and maintain hemostasis were achieved.
Pharmacokinetics: One Stage Assay: In a pivotal cross-over pharmacokinetic study, Xyntha was shown to be bioequivalent to another recombinant factor VIII product (rFVIII, Advate) in 30 previously treated patients (PTPs) (≥ 12 years) using the one-stage clotting assay. The ratios of geometric least square means of Xyntha-to-Advate were 100%, 89.8% and 88.0% for K-value, AUCt and AUC∞, respectively. The corresponding 90% confidence intervals about the ratios of Xyntha to Advate geometric means were within the bioequivalence window of 80% to 125%, demonstrating bioequivalence of Xyntha to Advate. (See Figure.)
Pharmacodynamics: Factor VIII is the specific clotting factor deficient in patients with hemophilia A (classical hemophilia). The administration of Xyntha, Antihemophilic Factor (Recombinant)[BDDrFVIII] increases plasma levels of factor VIII and can temporarily correct the coagulation defect in these patients.
Clinical Trials: In a pivotal phase 3 study, the efficacy of Xyntha was evaluated in routine prophylaxis and on-demand treatment. Prophylaxis was to be initiated at a dose of 30 IU/kg given 3 times per week. The on-demand treatment dosing regimen was to be determined by the investigator. Ninety-four (94) PTPs with moderately severe or severe hemophilia A (FVIII:C ≤2%) received at least 1 dose of Xyntha and were included in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population. Eighty-nine (89) patients accrued at least 50 exposure days (EDs) to Xyntha in the study.
Of the 94 patients in the ITT population, 30 patients with FVIII:C ≤1% also participated in the double-blind, randomized, crossover PK period of the study and were included in the per-protocol population for analyses of bioequivalence versus another rFVIII product Advate and full pharmacokinetic characterization. Both endpoints were surrogate markers for clinical efficacy. The results of these analyses showed that Xyntha is bioequivalent to Advate and the pharmacokinetic profile of Xyntha remained stable after 6 months of repeated use.
Intent-to-treat analysis of clinical efficacy variables in the open-label safety and efficacy period yielded similarly positive outcomes. All 94 patients received Xyntha for routine prophylaxis; the median dose administered was 30.2 IU/kg (range, 6.8 to 76.9 IU/kg). Most patients (57/94; 60.6%) reported no spontaneous bleeding while on routine prophylaxis. The median annualized bleeding rate (ABR) for all bleeding episodes was 1.9 (mean 3.9, range 0 to 42.1), indicating effective prevention of bleeding in the study population. Fifty-three (53) of 94 patients received Xyntha for on-demand treatment; the median dose administered was 30.6 IU/kg (range, 6.4 to 74.4 IU/kg). The majority of bleeding episodes (173/187; 92.5%) resolved with 1 or 2 infusions. This outcome was not restricted to any particular bleeding location as similar efficacy was seen in bleeding occurring in joints, soft tissues/muscles, and other sites. A wide range of doses was used to initiate treatment of bleeding; however, the distribution of doses used to initiate treatment of bleeding was similar regardless of location of bleeding. Patients rated the majority of infusions used to initiate treatment of bleeding as either excellent or good (132/187; 70.6%). The incidence of less than expected therapeutic effect (LETE) occurred at a rate of 0.4% (25/6404 prophylactic infusions) when Xyntha was administered for prophylaxis and 0.5% (1/187 bleeding episodes) when administered for on-demand treatment.
In another series of clinical trials, the efficacy of Xyntha manufactured by the previous process was evaluated in uncontrolled phase 3 studies of 113 PTPs and 101 PUPs who received Xyntha manufactured by the previous process for on-demand treatment, routine prophylaxis, and/or surgical prophylaxis and were followed for up to 6 years. Hemostatic efficacy was rated on an ordinal scale of excellent, good, fair, and none.
In 112 of 113 PTPs treated on demand, a total of 10,882 bleeding episodes were reported, with a median of 77.5 bleeding episodes per study subject. Of these, the hemostatic efficacy of Xyntha manufactured by the previous process was assessed following the first infusion for treatment of 10,445 bleeding episodes: 9944 (95%) were rated excellent or good in their response to treatment, 429 (4%) were rated fair, and 72 (0.7%) were rated as having no response; 4% (437/10,882) of the bleeding episodes were not rated. Of the 10,882 bleeding episodes, 7981 (73%) were managed with a single infusion, 1612 (15%) required 2 infusions, 623 (6%) required 3 infusions, and 666 (6%) required 4 or more infusions for satisfactory resolution. The mean dose per infusion was 31 IU/kg.
In 100 of 101 PUPs treated on demand, a total of 2715 bleeding episodes were reported with a median of 19.5 bleeding episodes per study subject. Of these, the hemostatic efficacy of Xyntha manufactured by the previous process was assessed following the first infusion for treatment of 2604 bleeding episodes: 2459 (94%) were rated excellent or good in their response to treatment, 142 (5%) were rated fair, and 3 (0.1%) were rated as having no response; 4% (111/2,715) of the bleeding episodes were not rated. Of the 2715 bleeding episodes, 1794 (66%) were managed with a single infusion, 502 (19%) required 2 infusions, 229 (8%) required 3 infusions, and 190 (7%) required 4 or more infusions for satisfactory resolution. The mean dose per infusion was 51 IU/kg.
Xyntha manufactured by the previous process has been studied in short-term routine prophylaxis. In uncontrolled phase 3 clinical trials, a mean dose of 27 ± 11 IU/kg per infusion in PTPs (n=85) and a mean dose of 49 ± 17 IU/kg per infusion in PUPs (n=45) was given repeatedly at variable intervals (for PTPs: median 94 weeks, range 3-296 weeks; for PUPs: median 61 weeks, range 2-222 weeks). In PTPs and PUPs, the mean rate of spontaneous musculoskeletal bleeding episodes was lower during periods of routine prophylaxis. PTPs (n=85) had a mean of 10 bleeding episodes (spontaneous and injury-related) per year during the prophylactic periods compared to a mean of 25 bleeding episodes per year during on-demand periods. PUPs (n=45) had a mean of 6 bleeding episodes (spontaneous and injury-related) per year during the prophylactic periods compared to a mean of 11 bleeding episodes per year during the on-demand periods. These non-randomized trial results should be interpreted with caution, as the investigators exercised their own discretion in deciding when and in whom prophylaxis was to be initiated and terminated.
A pivotal phase 3 study (Study 311) for surgical prophylaxis in patients with hemophilia A included PTPs with severe or moderately severe (FVIII:C≤2%) hemophilia A undergoing major surgical procedures who received XYNTHA. Thirty (30) patients were treated with XYNTHA or and comprised the ITT population; 29 patients underwent major surgery and completed the study. Thirty (30) subjects were assigned to receive XYNTHA by bolus injection (BI; 22 patients) or by continuous infusion (CI; 8 patients) at the physician's discretion to support surgical hemostasis followed by inpatient and outpatient postoperative care. One subject assigned to CI received XYNTHA for a pre-surgery pharmacokinetic assessment only and subsequently elected not to undergo surgery. The 22 patients treated by BI received a total of 942 infusions (ranging from 16 to 72 infusions per patient) for a cumulative total dose of 2,037,386 IU of XYNTHA over 682 cumulative total exposure days (EDs) (ranging from 15 to 40 EDs per patient). The 8 patients assigned to treatment by CI, including 1 patient who received only 1 dose for PK assessment, received a total dose of 529,977 IU of XYNTHA over 204 total EDs (range 1 to 37 EDs per patient).
Of the 29 patients who underwent surgery, 25 were included in the efficacy evaluable population. Major surgical procedures for the 25 efficacy evaluable subjects were 11 total knee replacements, 1 hip replacement, 5 synovectomies, 1 left ulnar nerve transposition release, 1 ventral hernia repair/scar revision, 1 knee arthroscopy, 1 revision and debridement of the knee after a total knee replacement, 1 hip arthroplasty revision, 1 stapes replacement, 1 ankle arthrodesis, and 1 pseudotumor excision. For the 25 surgical subjects, investigator's ratings of the efficacy at the end of surgery were excellent for 72% (18/25) and good for 28% (7/25) of patients and at the end of the initial postoperative period were excellent for 92% (23/25) and good for 8% (2/25) of patients. Intraoperative blood loss was reported as normal or absent for all procedures. Thirteen of the 25 evaluable patients had blood loss in the postoperative period, and in 10 cases the postoperative blood loss was rated normal. In 3 cases, the postoperative blood loss was rated abnormal: 1 due to hemorrhage following surgical trauma to the epigastric artery, 1 due to an 800 mL blood loss after hip replacement surgery, and 1 after an elbow synovectomy where the blood loss could not be measured by the investigator.
In a supporting study of Xyntha, there were 6 surgical procedures that were classified as major per the definitions of the pivotal surgery study. In all cases, hemostatic efficacy was effectively managed with Xyntha. No patient had blood loss greater than 50 mL, and no blood transfusions were given.
Detailed Pharmacology: Pharmacology studies of BDDrFVIII in a canine model of hemophilia A indicate that it can correct genetically deficient hemostasis. BDDrFVIII exhibits similar interactions similar to those of plasma-derived factor VIII with von Willebrand Factor (vWF), similar cofactor activity in the activation of factor X to Xa as well as similar activation and inactivation profiles with thrombin and Protein C.
In a pharmacokinetic study in hemophilic dogs, elimination and half-life were similar for BDDrFVIII and plasma-derived factor VIII product (Octonativ-M). Clearance and volume of distribution at steady state of BDDrFVIII were lower than for Octonativ-M; however, these differences were not considered to be clinically relevant. In a pharmacokinetic study in cynomologus monkeys, the activity time profiles and pharmacokinetic parameter estimates of [BDDrFVIII] and a single-polypeptide-chain 170 kDa form of the product were similar, indicating that any unprocessed 170 kDa protein remaining in the final product should not have any effect on the pharmacokinetics of BDDrFVIII.
Human: Factor VIII is the specific clotting factor deficient in patients with hemophilia A.
Clinical studies involving a total of 457 treated patients (317 PTPs, 101 PUPs, 5 patients participating only in PK studies and 34 patients participating only in the surgical studies) demonstrate that Xyntha can be used safely and effectively in the treatment or prevention of hemorrhage, including hemarthroses in hemophilia A patients. Xyntha has been shown to be effective in routine prophylaxis. In clinical trials, an average dose of 27 IU/kg (n= 85) or 30 IU/kg (n=94) in PTPs and an average dose of 50 IU/kg in PUPs (n= 45) given regularly two or more times a week prevented or reduced breakthrough spontaneous musculoskeletal bleeding episodes. Management of hemostasis was evaluated in the surgical setting (75 surgical procedures, 64 patients). Circulatory factor VIII levels targeted to restore and maintain hemostasis were achieved.
Pharmacokinetics: One Stage Assay: In a pivotal cross-over pharmacokinetic study, Xyntha was shown to be bioequivalent to another recombinant factor VIII product (rFVIII, Advate) in 30 previously treated patients (PTPs) (≥ 12 years) using the one-stage clotting assay. The ratios of geometric least square means of Xyntha-to-Advate were 100%, 89.8% and 88.0% for K-value, AUCt and AUC∞, respectively. The corresponding 90% confidence intervals about the ratios of Xyntha to Advate geometric means were within the bioequivalence window of 80% to 125%, demonstrating bioequivalence of Xyntha to Advate. (See Figure.)
In the same study, the pharmacokinetic parameters for Xyntha were determined at baseline and followed-up in 25 PTPs (≥12 years) after repeated administration of Xyntha for six months. At baseline, following a single 2-minute intravenous infusion of 50 IU/kg dose of Xyntha, plasma FVIII:C increased sharply with a mean (±SD) Cmax of 1.12 (±0.19) IU/mL. Thereafter, the decline of FVIII:C exhibited biphasic disposition characteristics. In the initial phase, the activity dropped at a rate consistent with relatively rapid but limited distribution into extravascular space. The mean (±SD) steady-state volume of distribution was 65.1 (± 35.1) mL/kg. During the terminal phase, the rate of decline in FVIII:C was slower than the initial phase with a mean (±SD) terminal elimination half-life of 11.8 (± 5.1) hours. A comparable pharmacokinetic profile was obtained after repeated use for six months. The ratios of geometric least square means of month 6-to-baseline pharmacokinetic were 107%, 100% and 104% for recovery, AUCt and AUC∞, respectively. No time-dependent changes in the pharmacokinetic properties of Xyntha were observed (Table 2). (See Table 2.)
In a pivotal phase III study (Study 311) for surgical prophylaxis, XYNTHA pharmacokinetics were evaluated during the perioperative management of patients with hemophilia A who were undergoing major surgery. At the baseline visit, all patients received a single dose of XYNTHA of approximately 50 IU/kg. Plasma samples were analyzed for FVIII activity using a validated one-stage (OS) clotting method. Recovery data are available for a total of 30 patients; the mean (± standard deviation [SD]) K-value was 2.11(± 0.43) IU/dL per IU/kg, and the mean (±SD) in vivo recovery value was 101.0% (± 20%).
Chromogenic Assay: The labeled potency of Xyntha manufactured by the previous process is based on the European Pharmacopoeia chromogenic substrate assay in which the Pfizer In-House Recombinant Factor VIII Potency Reference Standard has been calibrated to the WHO International Standard using the chromogenic substrate assay.
In a crossover pharmacokinetic study of eighteen (18) previously treated patients using the chromogenic assay, the circulating mean half-life for Xyntha manufactured by the previous process was 14.8 ± 5.6 hours (ranged from 7.6 - 28.5 hours), which was not statistically significantly different from plasma-derived Antihemophilic Factor (Human), (pdAHF), which had a mean half-life of 13.7 ± 3.7 hours (ranged from 8.8 - 25.1 hours). Mean incremental recovery (K-value) of Xyntha manufactured by the previous process in plasma was 2.4 ± 0.4 IU/dL per IU/kg (ranged from 1.9 - 3.3 IU/dL per IU/kg). This was comparable to the mean incremental recovery observed in plasma for pdAHF which was 2.3 ± 0.3 IU/dL per IU/kg (ranged from 1.7 - 2.9 IU/dL per IU/kg).
In additional clinical studies using Xyntha manufactured by the previous process, pharmacokinetic parameters measured using the chromogenic assay were determined for previously treated patients (PTPs) and previously untreated patients (PUPs). In PTPs (n=101; median age 26 ± 12 years), Xyntha manufactured by the previous process had a recovery at Week 0 of 2.4 ± 0.4 IU/dl per IU/kg (range 1.1 to 3.8 IU/dl per IU/kg). In measurements over 4 years of use (Month 3 [n=90], Month 6 [n=87], Month 12 [n=88], Month 24 [n=70], Month 36 [n=64] and Month 48 [n=52]), the mean incremental recovery was reproducible and ranged from 2.3 to 2.5 IU/dl per IU/kg. A subset of 37 study subjects had evaluable pharmacokinetic profiles at both baseline and Month 12. The 90% confidence intervals for the ratios of the mean values of Month 12-to-baseline AUCt, AUC∞, and K-value were well within the bioequivalence window of 80% to 125%, demonstrating the stability of these pharmacokinetic parameters over 1 year. In PUPs (n=59; median age 10 ± 8.3 months), Xyntha manufactured by the previous process had a mean recovery at Week 0 of 1.5 ± 0.6 IU/dl per IU/kg (range 0.2 to 2.8 IU/dl per IU/kg). The mean incremental recovery for PUPs was stable over time (5 visits during a 2-year period) and ranged from 1.5 to 1.8 IU/dL per IU/kg of Xyntha manufactured by the previous process. Population pharmacokinetic modeling using data from 44 PUPs led to a mean estimated half-life of Xyntha manufactured by the previous process in PUPs of 8.0 ± 2.2 hours. (See Table 3.)
Chromogenic Assay: The labeled potency of Xyntha manufactured by the previous process is based on the European Pharmacopoeia chromogenic substrate assay in which the Pfizer In-House Recombinant Factor VIII Potency Reference Standard has been calibrated to the WHO International Standard using the chromogenic substrate assay.
In a crossover pharmacokinetic study of eighteen (18) previously treated patients using the chromogenic assay, the circulating mean half-life for Xyntha manufactured by the previous process was 14.8 ± 5.6 hours (ranged from 7.6 - 28.5 hours), which was not statistically significantly different from plasma-derived Antihemophilic Factor (Human), (pdAHF), which had a mean half-life of 13.7 ± 3.7 hours (ranged from 8.8 - 25.1 hours). Mean incremental recovery (K-value) of Xyntha manufactured by the previous process in plasma was 2.4 ± 0.4 IU/dL per IU/kg (ranged from 1.9 - 3.3 IU/dL per IU/kg). This was comparable to the mean incremental recovery observed in plasma for pdAHF which was 2.3 ± 0.3 IU/dL per IU/kg (ranged from 1.7 - 2.9 IU/dL per IU/kg).
In additional clinical studies using Xyntha manufactured by the previous process, pharmacokinetic parameters measured using the chromogenic assay were determined for previously treated patients (PTPs) and previously untreated patients (PUPs). In PTPs (n=101; median age 26 ± 12 years), Xyntha manufactured by the previous process had a recovery at Week 0 of 2.4 ± 0.4 IU/dl per IU/kg (range 1.1 to 3.8 IU/dl per IU/kg). In measurements over 4 years of use (Month 3 [n=90], Month 6 [n=87], Month 12 [n=88], Month 24 [n=70], Month 36 [n=64] and Month 48 [n=52]), the mean incremental recovery was reproducible and ranged from 2.3 to 2.5 IU/dl per IU/kg. A subset of 37 study subjects had evaluable pharmacokinetic profiles at both baseline and Month 12. The 90% confidence intervals for the ratios of the mean values of Month 12-to-baseline AUCt, AUC∞, and K-value were well within the bioequivalence window of 80% to 125%, demonstrating the stability of these pharmacokinetic parameters over 1 year. In PUPs (n=59; median age 10 ± 8.3 months), Xyntha manufactured by the previous process had a mean recovery at Week 0 of 1.5 ± 0.6 IU/dl per IU/kg (range 0.2 to 2.8 IU/dl per IU/kg). The mean incremental recovery for PUPs was stable over time (5 visits during a 2-year period) and ranged from 1.5 to 1.8 IU/dL per IU/kg of Xyntha manufactured by the previous process. Population pharmacokinetic modeling using data from 44 PUPs led to a mean estimated half-life of Xyntha manufactured by the previous process in PUPs of 8.0 ± 2.2 hours. (See Table 3.)
Toxicology: Single Dose Toxicity: BDDrFVIII was tested for potential toxicity of a single intravenous (IV) dose in Sprague-Dawley rats and cynomologus monkeys.
Sprague-Dawley rats (5/sex/group) were administered single doses of 0 (saline), 2500 or 10000 IU/kg of BDDrFVIII intravenously. Animals were observed for 14 days and sacrificed for gross pathology and histopathology. There were no adverse effects related to BDDrFVIII administration; therefore, the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NoAEL) was ≥ 10000 IU/kg.
Two groups of cynomologus monkeys (1/sex/group) were administered alternate escalating single doses of 200, 400, 800, or 1600 IU/kg BDDrFVIII intravenously every third day in a doserange finding toxicology study. The animals were subsequently allowed a 14-day washout period and used for a 7-day repeat dose study described as follows. As expected, there were transient dose-dependent increases in plasma factor VIII activity. During the single dose escalation study there were no adverse effects associated with BDDrFVIII administration; therefore, the NoAEL was ≥ 1600 IU/kg.
Repeated Dose Toxicity: BDDrFVIII was tested for potential toxicity of repeated IV doses in Sprague-Dawley rats and cynomologus monkeys.
Rat Studies: Sprague-Dawley rats (4/sex/group) were administered doses of 0 (vehicle), 200, 400, 800, or 1600 IU/kg/day BDDrFVIII intravenously once daily for 10 or 11 days. Satellite groups of 10 males each were included at dose levels of 200 and 800 IU/kg/day to monitor for antibodies against BDDrFVIII at 4 and 19 days after the last dose administration. There were significant BDDrFVIII antibody responses in all animals from the satellite treatment groups as expected when administering a human protein to animals. There were no adverse effects associated with BDDrFVIII administration; therefore, the NoAEL was ≥ 1600 IU/kg/day.
The general toxicity of BDDrFVIII was evaluated in a 4-week study in Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals (10/sex/group) were administered 0 (vehicle), 50, 250, or 1250 IU/kg/day BDDrFVIII intravenously once daily for 4 weeks. In addition to standard comprehensive assessments of clinical, clinical laboratory, and anatomic pathology, BDDrFVIII antibody responses were assessed at the end of the treatment period in a subset of the animals. There was a dose-related induction of antibodies reactive to BDDrFVIII in the treated animals. There were slight increases in APTT in a small number of animals from the 250 and 1250 IU/kg/day groups. These minor elevations in APTT were considered secondary to the anti-BDDrFVIII antibody responses which apparently have the potential for neutralization of exogenous human recombinant and endogenous rat factor VIII activity. This neutralization results in prolongation of APTT which is an ex vivo measure of the intrinsic and common pathways of coagulation. There were no adverse effects associated with BDDrFVIII administration; therefore, the NoAEL was ≥ 1250 IU/kg/day.
Cynomologus Monkey Studies: A 7-day repeat dose toxicity study in cynomologus monkeys was performed using the same animals as described in the single-dose escalation study with 4 additional naive animals. After a 14-day washout period, 0 (vehicle) (1/sex), 800 (2/sex), or 1250 (2/sex) IU/kg/day BDDrFVIII was administered intravenously once daily for 7 days. In addition to standard clinical laboratory and anatomic pathology assessments, animals were monitored for plasma factor VIII activity. Three of four previously treated animals had decreased plasma factor VIII activity on Day 7 compared to previously untreated animals suggesting the appearance of antibody responses resulting in neutralization of both exogenous recombinant human and endogenous factor VIII activity. Antibodies to BDDrFVIII were not measured in this study. There were no adverse effects associated with BDDrFVIII administration; therefore, the NoAEL was ≥ 1250 IU/kg/day.
The general toxicity of BDDrFVIII was evaluated in a 4-week study in cynomologus monkeys (3/sex/group) at doses of 0 (vehicle), 50, 250, or 1250 IU/kg/day BDDrFVIII intravenously. In addition to comprehensive clinical, clinical laboratory, and postmortem examinations, plasma factor VIII activity was assessed prestudy and on Days 13, 20, and 28, and anti-BDDrFVIII antibodies and neutralizing activity were determined prestudy and on Day 28. One animal was found dead and three sacrificed when moribund. These deaths occurred on or shortly after days of scheduled bleeds (Days 20 and 28/29), and in each case the predominant signs were hemorrhage at sites of venipuncture and/or marked anemia. Clinical signs related to treatment were extensive hemorrhage and bruising at sites of venipuncture. Body weight losses were observed in two moribund animals, and reduced food intake was observed in one moribund animal. Dose and time-related appearance of anti-BDDrFVIII antibodies were associated with prolongation of APTT, decreases in red blood cell indices (PCV, Hb, and RBC count) and decreased plasma factor VIII activity in animals from the 250 and 1250 IU/kg/day groups.
Treatment-related gross lesions were limited to hemorrhage at sites of venipuncture and at scattered other locations. These changes were observed predominantly in animals from the 250 and 1250 IU/kg/day groups. Histologic changes related to treatment included hemorrhage at sites of venipuncture and in various other organs including the heart, subcutaneous tissues, urinary bladder, spinal canal, skeletal muscle, gastrointestinal tract, and connective tissues. The heart was apparently a predisposition site for histologic lesions of hemorrhage and edema with secondary inflammation and early fibrosis and, sometimes, associated regions of myocardial degeneration.
All adverse effects observed in this study were considered related to the neutralizing antibody response to both administered recombinant human and endogenous monkey factor VIII.
Neutralizing antibody responses resulted in an acquired hemophilia syndrome and predisposition to multiorgan hemorrhage and the sequelae of death, moribundity, anemia, and hemorrhage induced inflammation. The NoAEL for changes related to this syndrome was 50 IU/kg/day, but no adverse effects unrelated to the immunogenicity of BDDrFVIII were observed at any dose level.
After completing the 4-week IV toxicity study with BDDrFVIII in cynomologus monkeys, it was considered appropriate to conduct a similar study with a plasma-derived human factor VIII product, Octonativ-M, in order to demonstrate the comparability of the changes observed with BDDrFVIII to those with a plasma-derived factor VIII product. Cynomologus monkeys were administered daily doses of 0 (vehicle) (2/sex), 250 or 1250 (3/sex/group) IU/kg/day of Octonativ-M intravenously for 5 weeks. Parameters examined were similar to those in the BDDrFVIII 4-week study described previously.
One animal from the 250 IU/kg/day group was sacrificed moribund on Day 29. Clinical signs related to treatment were hemorrhage at sites of venipuncture. Anti-factor VIII antibodies were detected in all animals treated with Octonativ-M. Clinical laboratory changes included dose- and time-related increases in APTT, decreased red cell indices, increased fibrinogen, and decreased erythrocyte sedimentation rates. The longitudinal kinetics of onset of these changes correlated with dose- and time-related appearance of decreased plasma factor VIII activity and the appearance of plasma factor VIII inhibitors. Treatment-related postmortem findings in animals from both treatment groups included gross hemorrhage at sites of venipuncture and in the heart. These changes correlated with microscopic lesions of hemorrhage and edema, with associated inflammation and early fibrosis and myocyte degeneration.
Overall, changes observed in this study with a plasma-derived human factor VIII product were analogous to those seen with BDDrFVIII. All adverse effects were considered secondary to the immunogenicity of the test molecule and the acquired hemophilic state of the animals. These effects occurred at IV doses of 250 and 1250 IU/kg/day. There was no NoAEL identified in this study of Octonativ-M.
A 6-week multidose subcutaneous (SC) and IV antigenicity study of BDDrFVIII, which included limited toxicology endpoints, was performed in cynomologus monkeys. In this study, animals were administered 0 (vehicle) (3/SC route only), 50 (6/route), or 250 IU/kg (4/route) BDDrFVIII either IV or SC every other day for 6 weeks. Limited clinical, hematologic, clinical chemistry, plasma factor VIII activity, factor VIII antibody, and plasma inhibitor determinations were performed. Both SC and IV administration resulted in antibody formation (2/6 animals in the low dose IV treatment group and 100% of the animals in all other groups). Inhibitor antibodies were detected in some animals after treatment by either route of administration (2/6 animals in the low dose IV-treated group, 4/4 animals in the high dose IV group, 1/6 animals in the low dose SC-treated group, and 2/4 animals in the high dose SC group). Gross necropsy and limited histopathology evaluations were performed. Two deaths were observed in the high dose IV administration group. These were considered secondary to hemorrhage and severe anemia. There were dose- and time-related increases in APTT and decreases in red blood cell indices by both routes. There were clinical and postmortem observations of hemorrhage at venipuncture sites. Histologic changes of ischemic degeneration in the heart were seen in one animal from the 50 IU/kg IV group and one animal from the 250 IU/kg IV group. These changes were all considered related to the immunogenicity of BDDrFVIII in cynomologus monkeys, the acquired hemophilic syndrome, and resultant hemorrhagic anemia and myocardial ischemia. There was no NoAEL identified in this study.
Reproductive Toxicity: No specific studies to investigate the potential effects of BDDrFVIII on reproductive or developmental function have been conducted. In the 4-week repeat dose toxicity studies, gonadal and secondary sex organs were examined by gross and histopathology, and there were no apparent effects of BDDrFVIII on these tissues.
Mutagenic Potential: BDDrFVIII was assessed for the potential to induce bone marrow micronuclei in vivo in the CD-1 mouse. Animals (10/sex/group) were administered 0 (vehicle), 2490, 4980, or 9960 IU/kg/day BDDrFVIII IV for two consecutive days (Tabular Format and Kabi Pharmacia Report 9296824). Five animals/sex/group were sacrificed 24 and 48 hours after the second dose administration. It was concluded that BDDrFVIII did not induce micronuclei in the polychromatic erythrocytes of the bone marrow of mice at any dose level tested.
Repeat Dose: As part of the nonclinical evaluation of Xyntha, a 4-week toxicity study was conducted in cynomologus monkeys with Xyntha administered by intravenous (IV) injection at dosages of 0, 50, or 1250 IU/kg/day once daily for 29 or 30 days. The toxicity profile from this study was compared with that obtained in a previously conducted 4-week toxicity study in cynomologus monkeys with original BDDrFVIII administered by IV injection at dosages of 0, 50, 250, and 1250 IU/kg/day.
The administration of Xyntha to monkeys at an IV dosage of 1250 IU/kg/day for 29 or 30 days was generally well tolerated prior to the formation of anti-Xyntha antibodies. The immunologic response against Xyntha consisted of anti-Xyntha antibody production and increased FVIII inhibitors, which resulted in decreased FVIII activity that caused impairment of the coagulation pathway. These findings correlated with clinical pathology changes, hemorrhage, and tissue changes secondary to hemorrhage and were also observed in a previously conducted 4-week toxicity study in cynomologus monkeys with BDDrFVIII.
The most significant hematologic alteration was a dose-dependent increase in activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) that was also observed in monkeys at 250 and 1250 IU/kg/day in the previous 4-week toxicity study with original BDDrFVIII. Absolute and relative (to body and brain) mean liver weights were increased (21% to 25%, compared to controls) in male monkeys given 1250 IU/kg/day. Individual liver weights were 74.9, 72.4, 57.6 G (absolute), 99.5, 102.0, 88.2 (% relative to brain weight) and 1.9, 2.1, 1.6 (% relative to body weight) in control males and 80.8, 79.6, 88.5 G (absolute), 123.2, 121.9, 116.8 (% relative to brain weight) and 2.4, 2.3, 2.3 (% relative to body weight) in males given 1250 IU/kg/day. The weight increase was not considered to be toxicologically significant due to the low magnitude of change and the lack of macroscopic or microscopic correlates.
Local Tolerance Studies: A separate local tolerance study was not conducted with Xyntha. Instead, local injection sites were evaluated macroscopically and microscopically in the repeat-dose study conducted in monkeys. Macroscopically, red discoloration occurred at the injection sites of all monkeys regardless of treatment (including controls). Microscopically, slight to moderate perivascular and vascular neutrophilic inflammation and/or fibrosis often accompanied hemorrhage at the injection sites in animals given Xyntha, as well as in controls. Hemorrhage was more severe in monkeys given Xyntha (slight to marked at 50 IU/kg/day and mild to severe at 1250 IU/kg/day) when compared with controls (mild to moderate). The macroscopic and microscopic observations with Xyntha were similar to findings in the previous 4-week toxicity study in cynomologus monkeys conducted with original BDDrFVIII.
Other Toxicity Studies: Because a novel affinity ligand (TN8.2) is used in the purification process for Xyntha, a non-GLP-compliant, single-dose toxicity study was conducted in rats to assess the acute toxicity of TN8.2 in the event that the peptide leached from the chromatographic resin into the product stream during purification. Because TN8.2 binds to FVIII, in vitro studies were also conducted to evaluate the possible effects of TN8.2 on the clotting activity of rat plasma, human plasma, or Xyntha. TN8.2 has not been detected in any batch of drug substance tested to date.
Single-dose administration of the TN8.2 affinity ligand in rats at 0.6 mg/kg was well tolerated and did not induce acute toxicity.
Sprague-Dawley rats (5/sex/group) were administered single doses of 0 (saline), 2500 or 10000 IU/kg of BDDrFVIII intravenously. Animals were observed for 14 days and sacrificed for gross pathology and histopathology. There were no adverse effects related to BDDrFVIII administration; therefore, the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NoAEL) was ≥ 10000 IU/kg.
Two groups of cynomologus monkeys (1/sex/group) were administered alternate escalating single doses of 200, 400, 800, or 1600 IU/kg BDDrFVIII intravenously every third day in a doserange finding toxicology study. The animals were subsequently allowed a 14-day washout period and used for a 7-day repeat dose study described as follows. As expected, there were transient dose-dependent increases in plasma factor VIII activity. During the single dose escalation study there were no adverse effects associated with BDDrFVIII administration; therefore, the NoAEL was ≥ 1600 IU/kg.
Repeated Dose Toxicity: BDDrFVIII was tested for potential toxicity of repeated IV doses in Sprague-Dawley rats and cynomologus monkeys.
Rat Studies: Sprague-Dawley rats (4/sex/group) were administered doses of 0 (vehicle), 200, 400, 800, or 1600 IU/kg/day BDDrFVIII intravenously once daily for 10 or 11 days. Satellite groups of 10 males each were included at dose levels of 200 and 800 IU/kg/day to monitor for antibodies against BDDrFVIII at 4 and 19 days after the last dose administration. There were significant BDDrFVIII antibody responses in all animals from the satellite treatment groups as expected when administering a human protein to animals. There were no adverse effects associated with BDDrFVIII administration; therefore, the NoAEL was ≥ 1600 IU/kg/day.
The general toxicity of BDDrFVIII was evaluated in a 4-week study in Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals (10/sex/group) were administered 0 (vehicle), 50, 250, or 1250 IU/kg/day BDDrFVIII intravenously once daily for 4 weeks. In addition to standard comprehensive assessments of clinical, clinical laboratory, and anatomic pathology, BDDrFVIII antibody responses were assessed at the end of the treatment period in a subset of the animals. There was a dose-related induction of antibodies reactive to BDDrFVIII in the treated animals. There were slight increases in APTT in a small number of animals from the 250 and 1250 IU/kg/day groups. These minor elevations in APTT were considered secondary to the anti-BDDrFVIII antibody responses which apparently have the potential for neutralization of exogenous human recombinant and endogenous rat factor VIII activity. This neutralization results in prolongation of APTT which is an ex vivo measure of the intrinsic and common pathways of coagulation. There were no adverse effects associated with BDDrFVIII administration; therefore, the NoAEL was ≥ 1250 IU/kg/day.
Cynomologus Monkey Studies: A 7-day repeat dose toxicity study in cynomologus monkeys was performed using the same animals as described in the single-dose escalation study with 4 additional naive animals. After a 14-day washout period, 0 (vehicle) (1/sex), 800 (2/sex), or 1250 (2/sex) IU/kg/day BDDrFVIII was administered intravenously once daily for 7 days. In addition to standard clinical laboratory and anatomic pathology assessments, animals were monitored for plasma factor VIII activity. Three of four previously treated animals had decreased plasma factor VIII activity on Day 7 compared to previously untreated animals suggesting the appearance of antibody responses resulting in neutralization of both exogenous recombinant human and endogenous factor VIII activity. Antibodies to BDDrFVIII were not measured in this study. There were no adverse effects associated with BDDrFVIII administration; therefore, the NoAEL was ≥ 1250 IU/kg/day.
The general toxicity of BDDrFVIII was evaluated in a 4-week study in cynomologus monkeys (3/sex/group) at doses of 0 (vehicle), 50, 250, or 1250 IU/kg/day BDDrFVIII intravenously. In addition to comprehensive clinical, clinical laboratory, and postmortem examinations, plasma factor VIII activity was assessed prestudy and on Days 13, 20, and 28, and anti-BDDrFVIII antibodies and neutralizing activity were determined prestudy and on Day 28. One animal was found dead and three sacrificed when moribund. These deaths occurred on or shortly after days of scheduled bleeds (Days 20 and 28/29), and in each case the predominant signs were hemorrhage at sites of venipuncture and/or marked anemia. Clinical signs related to treatment were extensive hemorrhage and bruising at sites of venipuncture. Body weight losses were observed in two moribund animals, and reduced food intake was observed in one moribund animal. Dose and time-related appearance of anti-BDDrFVIII antibodies were associated with prolongation of APTT, decreases in red blood cell indices (PCV, Hb, and RBC count) and decreased plasma factor VIII activity in animals from the 250 and 1250 IU/kg/day groups.
Treatment-related gross lesions were limited to hemorrhage at sites of venipuncture and at scattered other locations. These changes were observed predominantly in animals from the 250 and 1250 IU/kg/day groups. Histologic changes related to treatment included hemorrhage at sites of venipuncture and in various other organs including the heart, subcutaneous tissues, urinary bladder, spinal canal, skeletal muscle, gastrointestinal tract, and connective tissues. The heart was apparently a predisposition site for histologic lesions of hemorrhage and edema with secondary inflammation and early fibrosis and, sometimes, associated regions of myocardial degeneration.
All adverse effects observed in this study were considered related to the neutralizing antibody response to both administered recombinant human and endogenous monkey factor VIII.
Neutralizing antibody responses resulted in an acquired hemophilia syndrome and predisposition to multiorgan hemorrhage and the sequelae of death, moribundity, anemia, and hemorrhage induced inflammation. The NoAEL for changes related to this syndrome was 50 IU/kg/day, but no adverse effects unrelated to the immunogenicity of BDDrFVIII were observed at any dose level.
After completing the 4-week IV toxicity study with BDDrFVIII in cynomologus monkeys, it was considered appropriate to conduct a similar study with a plasma-derived human factor VIII product, Octonativ-M, in order to demonstrate the comparability of the changes observed with BDDrFVIII to those with a plasma-derived factor VIII product. Cynomologus monkeys were administered daily doses of 0 (vehicle) (2/sex), 250 or 1250 (3/sex/group) IU/kg/day of Octonativ-M intravenously for 5 weeks. Parameters examined were similar to those in the BDDrFVIII 4-week study described previously.
One animal from the 250 IU/kg/day group was sacrificed moribund on Day 29. Clinical signs related to treatment were hemorrhage at sites of venipuncture. Anti-factor VIII antibodies were detected in all animals treated with Octonativ-M. Clinical laboratory changes included dose- and time-related increases in APTT, decreased red cell indices, increased fibrinogen, and decreased erythrocyte sedimentation rates. The longitudinal kinetics of onset of these changes correlated with dose- and time-related appearance of decreased plasma factor VIII activity and the appearance of plasma factor VIII inhibitors. Treatment-related postmortem findings in animals from both treatment groups included gross hemorrhage at sites of venipuncture and in the heart. These changes correlated with microscopic lesions of hemorrhage and edema, with associated inflammation and early fibrosis and myocyte degeneration.
Overall, changes observed in this study with a plasma-derived human factor VIII product were analogous to those seen with BDDrFVIII. All adverse effects were considered secondary to the immunogenicity of the test molecule and the acquired hemophilic state of the animals. These effects occurred at IV doses of 250 and 1250 IU/kg/day. There was no NoAEL identified in this study of Octonativ-M.
A 6-week multidose subcutaneous (SC) and IV antigenicity study of BDDrFVIII, which included limited toxicology endpoints, was performed in cynomologus monkeys. In this study, animals were administered 0 (vehicle) (3/SC route only), 50 (6/route), or 250 IU/kg (4/route) BDDrFVIII either IV or SC every other day for 6 weeks. Limited clinical, hematologic, clinical chemistry, plasma factor VIII activity, factor VIII antibody, and plasma inhibitor determinations were performed. Both SC and IV administration resulted in antibody formation (2/6 animals in the low dose IV treatment group and 100% of the animals in all other groups). Inhibitor antibodies were detected in some animals after treatment by either route of administration (2/6 animals in the low dose IV-treated group, 4/4 animals in the high dose IV group, 1/6 animals in the low dose SC-treated group, and 2/4 animals in the high dose SC group). Gross necropsy and limited histopathology evaluations were performed. Two deaths were observed in the high dose IV administration group. These were considered secondary to hemorrhage and severe anemia. There were dose- and time-related increases in APTT and decreases in red blood cell indices by both routes. There were clinical and postmortem observations of hemorrhage at venipuncture sites. Histologic changes of ischemic degeneration in the heart were seen in one animal from the 50 IU/kg IV group and one animal from the 250 IU/kg IV group. These changes were all considered related to the immunogenicity of BDDrFVIII in cynomologus monkeys, the acquired hemophilic syndrome, and resultant hemorrhagic anemia and myocardial ischemia. There was no NoAEL identified in this study.
Reproductive Toxicity: No specific studies to investigate the potential effects of BDDrFVIII on reproductive or developmental function have been conducted. In the 4-week repeat dose toxicity studies, gonadal and secondary sex organs were examined by gross and histopathology, and there were no apparent effects of BDDrFVIII on these tissues.
Mutagenic Potential: BDDrFVIII was assessed for the potential to induce bone marrow micronuclei in vivo in the CD-1 mouse. Animals (10/sex/group) were administered 0 (vehicle), 2490, 4980, or 9960 IU/kg/day BDDrFVIII IV for two consecutive days (Tabular Format and Kabi Pharmacia Report 9296824). Five animals/sex/group were sacrificed 24 and 48 hours after the second dose administration. It was concluded that BDDrFVIII did not induce micronuclei in the polychromatic erythrocytes of the bone marrow of mice at any dose level tested.
Repeat Dose: As part of the nonclinical evaluation of Xyntha, a 4-week toxicity study was conducted in cynomologus monkeys with Xyntha administered by intravenous (IV) injection at dosages of 0, 50, or 1250 IU/kg/day once daily for 29 or 30 days. The toxicity profile from this study was compared with that obtained in a previously conducted 4-week toxicity study in cynomologus monkeys with original BDDrFVIII administered by IV injection at dosages of 0, 50, 250, and 1250 IU/kg/day.
The administration of Xyntha to monkeys at an IV dosage of 1250 IU/kg/day for 29 or 30 days was generally well tolerated prior to the formation of anti-Xyntha antibodies. The immunologic response against Xyntha consisted of anti-Xyntha antibody production and increased FVIII inhibitors, which resulted in decreased FVIII activity that caused impairment of the coagulation pathway. These findings correlated with clinical pathology changes, hemorrhage, and tissue changes secondary to hemorrhage and were also observed in a previously conducted 4-week toxicity study in cynomologus monkeys with BDDrFVIII.
The most significant hematologic alteration was a dose-dependent increase in activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) that was also observed in monkeys at 250 and 1250 IU/kg/day in the previous 4-week toxicity study with original BDDrFVIII. Absolute and relative (to body and brain) mean liver weights were increased (21% to 25%, compared to controls) in male monkeys given 1250 IU/kg/day. Individual liver weights were 74.9, 72.4, 57.6 G (absolute), 99.5, 102.0, 88.2 (% relative to brain weight) and 1.9, 2.1, 1.6 (% relative to body weight) in control males and 80.8, 79.6, 88.5 G (absolute), 123.2, 121.9, 116.8 (% relative to brain weight) and 2.4, 2.3, 2.3 (% relative to body weight) in males given 1250 IU/kg/day. The weight increase was not considered to be toxicologically significant due to the low magnitude of change and the lack of macroscopic or microscopic correlates.
Local Tolerance Studies: A separate local tolerance study was not conducted with Xyntha. Instead, local injection sites were evaluated macroscopically and microscopically in the repeat-dose study conducted in monkeys. Macroscopically, red discoloration occurred at the injection sites of all monkeys regardless of treatment (including controls). Microscopically, slight to moderate perivascular and vascular neutrophilic inflammation and/or fibrosis often accompanied hemorrhage at the injection sites in animals given Xyntha, as well as in controls. Hemorrhage was more severe in monkeys given Xyntha (slight to marked at 50 IU/kg/day and mild to severe at 1250 IU/kg/day) when compared with controls (mild to moderate). The macroscopic and microscopic observations with Xyntha were similar to findings in the previous 4-week toxicity study in cynomologus monkeys conducted with original BDDrFVIII.
Other Toxicity Studies: Because a novel affinity ligand (TN8.2) is used in the purification process for Xyntha, a non-GLP-compliant, single-dose toxicity study was conducted in rats to assess the acute toxicity of TN8.2 in the event that the peptide leached from the chromatographic resin into the product stream during purification. Because TN8.2 binds to FVIII, in vitro studies were also conducted to evaluate the possible effects of TN8.2 on the clotting activity of rat plasma, human plasma, or Xyntha. TN8.2 has not been detected in any batch of drug substance tested to date.
Single-dose administration of the TN8.2 affinity ligand in rats at 0.6 mg/kg was well tolerated and did not induce acute toxicity.
MedsGo Class
Haemostatics
Features
Dosage
250 IU
Ingredients
- Moroctocog Alfa
Packaging
Lyophilized Powder for Injection (I.V.) 4ml x 1's
Generic Name
Moroctocog Alfa
Registration Number
BR-1382
Classification
Prescription Drug (RX)
Product Questions
Questions
