TRAP Paracetamol / Tramadol Hydrochloride 325mg / 37.5mg Film-Coated Tablet 1's

Tramadol Hydrochloride & Paracetamol tablets is a fixed combination of active ingredients. In case of overdose, the symptoms may include the signs and symptoms of toxicity of tramadol or paracetamol or of both these active ingredients.
Symptoms of overdose from tramadol: In principle, on intoxication with tramadol, symptoms similar to those of other centrally acting analgesics (opioids) are to be expected. These include in particular, miosis, vomiting, cardiovascular collapse, consciousness disorders up to coma, convulsions and respiratory depression up to respiratory arrest. Symptoms of overdose from paracetamol: An overdose is of particular concern in young children. Symptoms of paracetamol overdosage in the first 24 hours are pallor, nausea, vomiting, anorexia and abdominal pain. Liver damage may become apparent 12 to 48 hours after ingestion. Abnormalities of glucose metabolism and metabolic acidosis may occur. In severe poisoning, hepatic failure may progress to encephalopathy, coma and death. Acute renal failure with acute tubular necrosis may develop even in the absence of severe liver damage. Cardiac arrhythmias and pancreatitis have been reported.
Liver damage is possible in adults who have taken 7.5-10 g or more of paracetamol. It is considered that excess quantities of a toxic metabolite (usually adequately detoxified by glutathione when normal doses of paracetamol are ingested), become irreversibly bound to liver tissue.
Emergency treatment: Transfer immediately to a specialised unit.
Maintain respiratory and circulatory functions.
Prior to starting treatment, a blood sample should be taken as soon as possible after overdose in order to measure the plasma concentration of paracetamol and tramadol and in order to perform hepatic tests.
Perform hepatic tests at the start (of overdose) and repeat every 24 hours. An increase in hepatic enzymes (ASAT, ALAT) is usually observed, which normalizes after one or two weeks.
Empty the stomach by causing the patient to vomit (when the patient is conscious) by irritation or gastric lavage.
Supportive measures such as maintaining the patency of the airway and maintaining cardiovascular function should be instituted; naloxone should be used to reverse respiratory depression; fits can be controlled with diazepam.
Tramadol is minimally eliminated from the serum by haemodialysis or haemofiltration. Therefore treatment of acute intoxication with Tramadol Hydrochloride & Paracetamol Tablets with haemodialysis or haemofiltration alone is not suitable for detoxification.
Immediate treatment is essential in the management of paracetamol overdose. Despite a lack of significant early symptoms, patients should be referred to hospital urgently for immediate medical attention and any adult or adolescent who had ingested around 7.5 g or more of paracetamol in the preceding 4 hours or any child who has ingested ≥150 mg/kg of paracetamol in the preceding 4 hours should undergo gastric lavage. Paracetamol concentrations in blood should be measured later than 4 hours after overdose in order to be able to assess the risk of developing liver damage (via the paracetamol overdose nomogram). Administration of oral methionine or intravenous N-acetylcysteine (NAC) which may have a beneficial effect up to at least 48 hours after the overdose, may be required. Administration of intravenous NAC is most beneficial when initiated within 8 hours of overdose ingestion. However, NAC should still be given if the time to presentation is greater than 8 hours after overdose and continued for a full course of therapy. NAC treatment should be started immediately when massive overdose is suspected. General supportive measures must be available. Irrespective of the reported quantity of paracetamol ingested, the antidote for paracetamol, NAC, should be administered orally or intravenously, as quickly as possible, if possible, within 8 hours following the overdose.

 

 

Pregnancy: Since Tramadol Hydrochloride & Paracetamol tablets is a fixed combination of active ingredients including tramadol, it should not be used during pregnancy.
Data regarding paracetamol: Epidemiological studies in human pregnancy have shown no ill effects due to paracetamol used in the recommended dosages.
Data regarding tramadol: Tramadol should not be used during pregnancy as there is inadequate evidence available to assess the safety of tramadol in pregnant women.
Tramadol administered before or during birth does not affect uterine contractility. In neonates it may induce changes in the respiratory rate which are usually not clinically relevant. Long-term treatment during pregnancy may lead to withdrawal symptoms in the newborn after birth, as a consequence of habituation.
Lactation: Since Tramadol Hydrochloride & Paracetamol tablets is a fixed combination of active ingredients including tramadol, it should not be ingested during breast feeding. Data regarding paracetamol: Paracetamol is excreted in breast milk but not in a clinically significant amount. Available published data do not contraindicate breast feeding by women using single ingredient medicinal products containing only paracetamol.
Data regarding tramadol: Tramadol and its metabolites are found in small amounts in human breast milk. An infant could ingest about 0.1% of the dose given to the mother. Tramadol should not be ingested during breast feeding.

 

Store at temperatures not exceeding 30°C. Protect from light and moisture.

 

Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics: Tramadol is administered in racemic form and the [-] and [+] forms of tramadol and its metabolite M1, are detected in the blood. Although tramadol is rapidly absorbed after administration, its absorption is slower (and its half-life longer) than that of paracetamol.
For acetaminophen, Cmax was measured as µg/mL. A single dose pharmacokinetic study of Tramadol Hydrochloride & Paracetamol Tablets in volunteers showed no drug interactions between tramadol and acetaminophen. Upon multiple oral dosing to steady state, however, the bioavailability of tramadol and metabolite M1 was lower for the combination tablets compared to tramadol administered alone. The de-crease in AUC was 14% for (+)-tramadol, 10.4% for (-)-tramadol, 11.9% for (+)-M1 and 24.2% for (-)-M1. The cause of this reduced bioavailability is not clear. Following single or multiple dose administration of Tramadol Hydrochloride & Paracetamol Tablets, no significant change in acetaminophen pharmacokinetics was observed when compared to acetaminophen given alone.
After a single oral administration of a tramadol/paracetamol (37.5 mg/325 mg) tablet, peak plasma concentrations of 64.3/55.5 ng/ml [(+)-tramadol/(-)-tramadol] and 4.2 µg/ml (paracetamol) are reached after 1.8 h [(+)-tramadol/(-)-tramadol] and 0.9 h (paracetamol) respectively. The mean elimination half-lives t_½ are 5.1/4.7 h [(+)-tramadol/(-)-tramadol] and 2, 5 h (paracetamol).
During pharmacokinetic studies in healthy volunteers after single and repeated oral administration of Tramadol Hydrochloride & Paracetamol Tablets, no clinical significant change was observed in the kinetic parameters of each active ingredient compared to the parameters of the active ingredients used alone.
Absorption: Racemic tramadol is rapidly and almost completely absorbed after oral administration. The mean absolute bioavailability of a single 100 mg dose is approximately 75 %. After repeated administration, the bioavailability is increased and reaches approximately 90%. The mean peak plasma concentration of racemic tramadol and M1 after administration of two Tramadol Hydrochloride & Paracetamol Tablets occurs at approximately two and three hours, respectively, post-dose.
After administration of Tramadol Hydrochloride & Paracetamol Tablets, the oral absorption of paracetamol is rapid and nearly complete and takes place mainly in the small intestine. Peak plasma concentrations of paracetamol are reached in one hour and are not modified by concomitant administration of tramadol.
The oral administration of Tramadol Hydrochloride & Paracetamol Tablets with food has no significant effect on the peak plasma concentration or extent of absorption of either tramadol or paracetamol so that Tramadol Hydrochloride & Paracetamol Tablets can be taken independently of meal times.
Food Effects: When Tramadol Hydrochloride & Paracetamol Tablets was administered with food, the time to peak plasma concentration was delayed for approximately 35 minutes for tramadol and almost one hour for acetaminophen. However, peak plasma concentration or the extent of absorption of either tramadol or acetaminophen were not affected. The clinical significance of this difference is unknown.
Distribution: The volume of distribution of tramadol was 2.6 and 2.9 L/kg in male and female subjects, respectively, following a 100 mg intravenous dose. The binding of tramadol to human plasma proteins is approximately 20% and binding also appears to be independent of concentration up to 10 µg/mL. Saturation of plasma protein binding occurs only at concentrations outside the clinically relevant range. Acetaminophen appears to be widely distributed throughout most body tissues except fat. Its apparent volume of distribution is about 0.9 L/kg. A relative small portion (~20%) of acetaminophen is bound to plasma protein. Paracetamol appears to be widely distributed throughout most body tissues except fat. Its apparent volume of distribution is about 0.9 l/kg. A relative small portion (~20%) of paracetamol is bound to plasma proteins.
Metabolism: Following oral administration, tramadol is extensively metabolized by a number of pathways, including CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, as well as by conjugation of parent and metabolites. Approximately 30% of the dose is excreted in the urine as unchanged drug, whereas 60% of the dose is excreted as metabolites. The major metabolic pathways appear to be N- and O-demethylation and glucuronidation or sulfation in the liver. Metabolite M1 (O-desmethyltramadol) is pharmacologically active in animal models. Formation of M1 is dependent on CYP2D6 and as such is subject to inhibition, which may affect the therapeutic response. Approximately 7% of the population has reduced activity of the CYP2D6 isoenzyme of cytochrome P450. These individuals are "poor metabolizers" of debrisoquine, dextromethorphan, tricyclic antidepressants, among other drugs. Based on a population PK analysis of Phase 1 studies in healthy subjects, concentrations of tramadol were approximately 20% higher in "poor metabolizers" versus "extensive metabolizers", while M1 concentrations were 40% lower. In vitro drug interaction studies in human liver microsomes indicates that inhibitors of CYP2D6 such as fluoxetine and its metabolite norfluoxetine, amitriptyline and quinidine inhibit the metabolism of tramadol to various degrees. The full pharmacological impact of these alterations in terms of either efficacy or safety is unknown. Concomitant use of serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and Mao Inhibitors may enhance the risk of adverse events, including seizure and serotonin syndrome.
Acetaminophen is primarily metabolized in the liver by first-order kinetics and involves three principal separate pathways: a) conjugation with glucuronide; b) conjugation with sulfate; and c) oxidation via the cytochrome, P450-dependent, mixed-function oxidase enzyme pathway to form a reactive intermediate metabolite, which conjugates with glutathione and is then further metabolized to form cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates. The principal cytochrome P450 isoenzyme involved appears to be CYP2E1, with CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 as additional pathways.
In adults, the majority of acetaminophen is conjugated with glucuronic acid and, to a lesser extent, with sulfate. These glucuronide-, sulfate-, and glutathione-derived metabolites lack biologic activity. In premature infants, newborns, and young infants, the sulfate conjugate predominates.
Elimination: Tramadol is eliminated primarily through metabolism by the liver and the metabolites are eliminated primarily by the kidneys. The plasma elimination half-lives of racemic tramadol and M1 are approximately 5-6 and 7 hours, respectively, after administration of Tramadol Hydrochloride & Paracetamol Tablets. The apparent plasma elimination half-life of racemic tramadol increased to 7-9 hours upon multiple dosing of Tramadol Hydrochloride & Paracetamol Tablets.
The half-life of acetaminophen is about 2 to 3 hours in adults. It is somewhat shorter in children and somewhat longer in neonates and in cirrhotic patients.
Acetaminophen is eliminated from the body primarily by formation of glucuronide and sulfate conjugates in a dose-dependent manner. Less than 9% of acetaminophen is excreted unchanged in the urine.
Special Populations: Renal: The pharmacokinetics of Tramadol Hydrochloride & Paracetamol Tablets in patients with renal impairment has not been studied. Based on studies using tramadol alone, excretion of tramadol and metabolite M1 is reduced in patients with creatinine clearance of less than 30 mL/min, adjustment of dosing regimen in this patient population is recommended. The total amount of tramadol and M1 removed during a 4- hour dialysis period is less than 7% of the administered dose based on studies using tramadol alone.
Hepatic: The pharmacokinetics and tolerability of Tramadol Hydrochloride & Paracetamol Tablets in patients with impaired hepatic function has not been studied. Since tramadol and acetaminophen are both extensively metabolized by the liver, the use of Tramadol Hydrochloride & Paracetamol Tablets in patients with hepatic impairment is not recommended.
Geriatric: A population pharmacokinetic analysis of data obtained from a clinical trial in patients with chronic pain treated with Tramadol Hydrochloride & Paracetamol Tablets which included 55 patients between 65 and 75 years of age and 19 patients over 75 years of age, showed no significant changes in pharmacokinetics of tramadol and acetaminophen in elderly patients with normal renal and hepatic function.
Gender: Tramadol clearance was 20% higher in female subjects compared to males on four phase I studies of Tramadol Hydrochloride & Paracetamol tablets in 50 male and 34 female healthy subjects. The clinical significance of this difference is unknown.
Pediatric: Pharmacokinetics of Tramadol Hydrochloride & Paracetamol tablets has not been studied in pediatric patients below 16 years of age.
Clinical Studies Single Dose Studies for Treatment of Acute Pain: In pivotal single-dose studies in acute pain, two tablets of Tramadol Hydrochloride & Paracetamol Tablets administered to patients with pain following oral surgical procedures provided greater relief than placebo or either of the individual components given at the same dose. The onset of pain relief after Tramadol Hydrochloride & Paracetamol tablets was faster than tramadol alone. Onset of analgesia occurred in less than one hour. The duration of pain relief after Tramadol Hydrochloride & Paracetamol tablets was longer than acetaminophen alone. Analgesia was generally comparable to that of the comparator, ibuprofen.
Pharmacodynamics: Tramadol is a centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic. Although its mode of action is not completely understood, from animal tests, at least two complementary mechanisms appear applicable: binding of parent and M1 metabolite to µ-opioid receptors and weak inhibition of reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. Opioid activity is due to both low affinity binding of the parent compound and higher affinity binding of the O-demethylated metabolite M1 to µ-opioid receptors. In animal models, M1 is up to 6 times more potent than tramadol in producing analgesia and 200 times more potent in µ-opioid binding. Tramadol-induced analgesia is only partially antagonized by the opiate antagonist naloxone in several animal tests. The relative contribution of both tramadol and M1 to human analgesia is dependent upon the plasma concentrations of each compound. Tramadol has been shown to inhibit reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin in vitro, as have some other opioid analgesics. These mechanisms may contribute independently to the overall analgesic profile of tramadol. Apart from analgesia, tramadol administration may produce a constellation of symptoms (including dizziness, somnolence, nausea, constipation, sweating and pruritus) similar to that of other opioids. Acetaminophen Acetaminophen is a non-opiate, non-salicylate analgesic.